13 Colonies recognized as a separate nation Mississippi River the western boundary 31 ˚ latitude the southern boundary Florida returned to Spain Silent about the rights of Indians

Involved ordinary people in the political process First revolution to embrace republican ideals of life, liberty, property No longer wanted to be ruled by a monarchy or aristocracy No longer wanted an established church Unified colonists under the idea of being American

Contradiction between liberty and slavery Triggered a movement to abolish slavery Some slaves escaped during war Slaves contemplated their future status in the new republic Elizabeth Freemen

Conditions of Indians worse Few Indian nations left along the Atlantic Coast Suffered great casualties Expansion & Indian Removal Joseph Brant, Mohawk

Role of women in the Revolution Lose out politically Lose out economically Republican motherhood Female literacy

“…by the way in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make. I desire you would remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could.” - Abigail Adams (in a letter to her husband, John Adams)

Continental Currency Republican based Radicals: Strong state government Nationalists: Strong central government

Financial status of U.S. Trade Military threats Hostile American Indians Expansion westward Internal threats

Ratified 1781 Strong state government Sovereignty of the states Limits of central government

Army threatens Congress for pay Appeal to Pennsylvania for protection Congress relocated “There was something so natural, so unaffected, in his appeal that it rendered it superior to the most studied oratory; it forced its way to the heart.”

Massachusetts, 1786 the State foreclosed on land to pay war debt Farmers rebelled (Daniel Shays) Rebellion defeated by state militia Consequences?

Philadelphia, 1787 James Madison, “Father of the Constitution” 55 White Men All but one author was Protestant 32 were lawyers 25 were slave holders All wealthy

Goal: strong central government with the power to tax and regulate trade Document based on compromise Central Government vs. States Great Compromise 3/5 Compromise

Office of the Presidency & the Electoral College Supreme Court Anti-Federalists Federalist rebuttal Federalist Papers, 1788 Final vote: 11 states voted in favor North Carolina & Rhode Island voted against

George Washington, President Congress & Supreme court established Bill of Rights, 1789

Key terms: Abigail Adams, Articles of Confederation, Newburgh Conspiracy, Shays Rebellion, James Madison, Anti-Federalists, Federalist Papers, Bill of Rights