Let's think back to what you learned in 4th grade about the Civil War.... The North before the Civil War… · the North had more people and factories ·many of the people from the North opposed the spread of slavery to the new territories ·most northern states did not allow slavery ·Abolitionists helped many slaves reach freedom by way of the Underground Railroad

In 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War. a. Soon afterward, President Lincoln was ASSASSINATED so he did not live to see peace return to the Union. b. ANDREW JOHNSON became president, according to our Constitution. 30/0045/andrew_johnson_gov_se_22Jun.jpg

What was life like after the war? a. Over 600,000 were dead b. The SOUTH was destroyed c. Our president was dead d. 4 MILLION slaves were freed

Life for Former Slaves Former Slaves tried to reunite with their families Their initial reaction to freedom ranged from JOY to FEAR. They moved from the "BIG HOUSE” to the plot of land they could work. They wanted to establish a NETWORK of churches and institutions to help them claim EQUAL citizenship and access to LAND and an EDUCATION No law or PROVISION was made for African Americans to own their own land. Most Confederates REFUSED to sell land to them- even if they had the money to buy the land. What little land was given to freed slaves (40 acres and a mule), was quickly TAKEN AWAY because the government gave the property back to white people

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Life for Southern Whites With slavery ABOLISHED, white landowners were left without LABOR to work the plantations White Southerners wanted to bring an end to the war but did not want their SOCIETY to change socially, politically, or ECONOMICALLY. They were willing to recognize the END of slavery, but were not willing to GRANT rights to the newly freed slaves. They helped pass and enforce BLACK CODES (that replaced slave codes) to keep freedmen INFERIOR They used VIOLENCE and threats to intimidate their former slaves.

Freedman’s Bureau The Freedman’s Bureau was established by Congress before the end of the Civil War. Its goal was to help ALL PEOPLE in the South in need, especially freedmen. It provided FOOD, clothing, medical care, EDUCATION, and some protection from hostile Southerners. It also helped many freemen find JOBS and provide some PROTECTION in labor contracts dealing with sharecropping.

African Americans didn’t receive their own land to farm, so they were not able to achieve full ECONOMIC independence. Its most important contribution was creating thousands of SCHOOLS throughout the South.

ction2/section2_05.html An attendance record for freed children. The dots represent "present." So what can you infer?

Reconstruction was a time of rebuilding and healing after the Civil War. The country literally had to be rebuilt as the CIVIL WAR destroyed land and buildings. The country's "HEART" needed to be rebuilt and healed since the war had torn it apart. PEACE needed to be returned to the Union. FORMER SLAVES were now freed and this caused problems with many white southerners.

The first phase was called PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION, led by Andrew Johnson who continued Lincoln’s ideas after he was killed. The second phase was called CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION, led by the Republican-led Congress or the “Radical Republicans.”

Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s aim of Reconstruction was to PRESERVE the Union and END the Civil War as quickly as possible. He promised an EASY Reconstruction in order to persuade southern states to surrender. 10% PLAN: He promised that if 10% of people in a state would PLEDGE ALLEGIANCE to the United States and ratify the 13th Amendment, then they could form new state GOVERNMENTS, elect representatives to Congress, and fully PARTICIPATE in the Union again.

Presidential Reconstruction Andrew Johnson’s Plan His aim/goal was to CONTINUE Lincoln’s basic plan of leniency and KINDNESS by not punishing the SOUTH and being fair to the southerners. He also wanted to HUMILIATE the wealthy southern landowners who owned large amounts of property (known as the Southern elite) by having them ask to be pardoned, or FORGIVEN, if they promised LOYALTY to the US. This gave them back their rights of CITIZENSHIP and the RIGHT TO VOTE. While Congress was not in session, he allowed southern states to form new state governments and elect FORMER Confederates to Congress. States also had to adopt the 13 th Amendment, which ABOLISHED (did away with) slavery. It recognized the rights of all Americans for “life, LIBERTY, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Congressional Reconstruction The US CONGRESS wanted to make sure the Civil War was not fought in vain and that freed slaves would really be free. They EXTENDED the Freedmen's Bureau to continue to protect the rights of freedmen against black codes and refused to let former CONFEDERATES take their seats in Congress. Some Republicans (called RADICAL REPUBLICANS ) were very upset at how some states were treating the African American population. They wanted the South PUNISHED.

Three Reconstruction Amendments were designed by Congress to end SLAVERY and protect the RIGHTS of newly freed slaves. 13 th : abolished SLAVERY everywhere in the US (not the Emancipation Proclamation) 14 th : recognized CITIZENSHIP of African Americans and gave rights to all citizens to due process and equal protection of the law The 15 th Amendment (1870) gave ALL MALES the right to vote. Eventually Congress called for a MILITARY occupation of southern states. The Federal government would SUPERVISE the Confederate state governments with its military TROOPS until equal civil and political rights were given to the black populations and states accepted the 14 TH AMENDMENT.

Scalawag This often referred to a POOR WHITE SOUTHERNER who supported and cooperated with the Republican government in the South and AGREED with the causes of the North. Southern Republicans The name was given by the Southern elite (or the WEALTHY). Some scalawags went into sharecropping or were TENANT farmers with landowners.

Carpetbaggers They were NORTHERNERS who came SOUTH to help with Reconstruction Some were accused of taking ADVANTAGE of the South's devastation in order to make MONEY. Many, though, were missionaries or ENTREPRENEURS who came south to help EDUCATE freedmen and REBUILD the southern economy.

Even with Reconstruction, newly freed slaves still faced many hardships… Black Codes Jim Crow Laws Discrimination Segregation

Black Codes Like the slave codes from before the Civil War, Southern states passed discriminatory laws called black codes during the early periods of Reconstruction. Examples of black codes included PROHIBITING them from: TRAVELING FREELY, owning personal property, owning/carrying guns, and VOTING. BLACK CODES restricted many civil rights and liberties of African Americans in order to maintain white supremacy. and keep them in positions of social, political, and economic inferiority. Some African Americans were not allowed to hold certain JOBS, travel freely, and were unable to be unemployed.

Some of the Black Codes that were passed in South Carolina stated: · "No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties" ·"Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master" ·Servants must assist their masters "in the defense of his own person, family, premises, or property" ·No person of color could become an artisan, mechanic, or shopkeeper unless he obtained a license from the judge of the district court – a license that could cost $100 or more.

JIM CROW LAWS Jim Crow Laws segregated black and white people They made separate facilities for African Americans in schools, housing, theaters, or trains mandatory. In the 1896 Supreme Court case called PLESSY V. FERGUSON, “separate but equal” was considered legal. Jim Crow laws were designed to maintain white supremacy and did so for the next SIXTY years.

Some groups in the South tried to intimidate and terrorize African Americans. The most infamous of these terrorist groups was the KU KLUX KLAN (KKK). They believed in white SUPREMECY and tried to keep African Americans from voting. Their goal was to use VIOLENCE, intimidation, and voter FRAUD to keep African Americans from exercising their rights due to them from the th Amendments, so white southerners could regain CONTROL of state governments. They burned CROSSES in the yards of African Americans and those who supported their rights. They also physically BEAT African Americans and publically lynched them (hanging them from trees).

How were African Americans kept from voting and therefore limiting their political rights? voting LOCATIONS were changed without telling them (African Americans) Whites made the POLLING places too far away for Africans to get to They had to take a LITERACY or reading test on the Constitution before being cleared to vote. They had to pay a poll tax (PAYMENT) in order to vote There was a “GRANDFATHER CLAUSE” that allowed you to vote if your father or grandfather voted in the election prior to No African American was permitted to vote prior to this time.

In a typical Alabama test, Part "A" required you to read out to the registrar's satisfaction a section of the Constitution (and in some cases verbally interpret it to his satisfaction). You then had to write out a section. After that, you were given Parts "B" and "C" which were two sets of four written questions that you had to answer.

Sharecropping There was little opportunity to work for WAGES since there was little CURRENCY in the South. Southern planters needed a way to have their land worked since there were no longer slaves. This led freedmen to make agreements with white landowners to trade their labor for land. This arrangement was called SHARECROPPING The landowner provided a place for the worker to LIVE as well as all the SUPPLIES and tools needed to WORK the land. The freed slave provided the LABOR and paid the owner rent by giving the owner a share or part of what was produced on the land.

In this AGREEMENT, landowners received help getting their land worked and the freed slaves and poor landless whites received PAY (as long as the CROPS were plentiful). Many times, the harvest that was sold did NOT cover the debt owed to the landowner so the farmer had to BORROW again for the next year in order to SUSTAIN his family. Many SHARECROPPERS were constantly in DEBT and poverty.

Family Picking Cotton in the fields near Savannah, Georgia, stereograph, c (Negative #50482, Collection of the New-York Historical Society) onstruction/section3/section3_15.html

A sharecropper’s contract

Before Sharecropping Before the Civil War slaves lived in huts grouped together behind the plantation owner's house. After Sharecropping The former slaves lived in slightly larger huts spread our around the plantation. There are also more roads as well as a church and school.