The Urinary System Chapter 17

Kidneys Inferior vena cava Abdominal aorta Urinary bladder Urethra Foldable Kidneys Inferior vena cava Abdominal aorta Urinary bladder Urethra Urethral orifice Adrenal glands Renal artery

Renal pelvis Renal vein Ureter Renal capsul Renal cortex Renal medulla Kindeys Inferior cena cava Abdominal aorta Urinary bladder Urethra Urethral orifice Adrenal glands Renal artery Renal pelvis Renal vein Ureter Renal capsul Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pyramid Major calyx Minor calyx Foldable

The kidneys maintain purity of the blood and homeostasis. Much like sanitation worker who recycle city water for you to drink, the kidney’s job is to keep the blood clean.

1. Kidneys Clean blood and create urine (blood wastes). They do this by removing water soluble wastes from the blood and containing them in urine.

Bladder Schistosomes Normally, urine is sterile. Presence of blood may indicate an infection.

-Cells produce waste that can become toxic if they accumulate Basic Notes -Cells produce waste that can become toxic if they accumulate Functions the urinary system removes salts and ions maintains normal concentration of water and electrolytes maintains pH, controls red blood cell production and blood pressure

Composition a pair of kidneys which remove substances from the blood and creates the urine ureters which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder urinary bladder stores urine urethra conveys urine to the outside of the body

Kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral column deep in the abdominal cavity

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Myth or Fact? 1. Urinating on a jellyfish sting will help alleviate the pain. ~Answer 2. It is safe to drink your own urine. 3. If someone is sleeping and you put their hand in warm water, they will pee their pants. ~Answer 4. Holding your urine can cause a bladder infection. 5. There is a fish that will follow a urine stream and enter the urethra. ~Answer

sphincter bladder urethra kidneys ureters

2. Inferior vena cava This vein collects deoxygenated blood. The vena cava transports the newly cleaned blood from the kidneys.

3. Abdominal aorta The renal arteries supply the kidneys with oxygenated blood. This blood is also the “dirty” blood that will be cleaned by the kidneys.

Collects urine to temporarily store. 4. Urinary Bladder Collects urine to temporarily store.

5. Urethra This tube connects the urinary bladder to the outside world. It is the tube that urine travels through to exit the body.

The opening at the end of the urethra. 6. Urethral orifice The opening at the end of the urethra.

7. Adrenal Glands The gland is an endocrine gland and produces a variety of steroid hormones (corticosteroids) which can be grouped into various categories: 1) mineralocorticoids help regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance, 2) glucocorticoids (like cortisol) regulate glucose and lipid metabolism 3) androgens function as precursors to functional sex hormones 4) epinephrine, norepinephrine and catecholamines are utilized during the fight or flight stress response.

Supply the kidneys with dirty blood to be cleaned. 8. Renal artery Supply the kidneys with dirty blood to be cleaned.

9. Renal Pelvis Functions to funnel the urine to the ureters.

10. Renal Vein Transport cleaned blood from the kidneys to the heart.

11. Ureter Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Tough outside protective coating for the kidneys. 12. Renal Capsule Tough outside protective coating for the kidneys.

13. Renal Cortex Layer underneath the capsule that contains the nephrons (except for the loop of Henle)

14. Renal medulla Inner layer of the kidney that is divided into sections called pyramids. Very salty part of the kidney to help with reabsorption of water into the blood.

15. Renal pyramid Distinct segments (Usually 27 per kidney) in the medulla. They appear striped because of the number of nephrons and collecting ducts that are layered here. This gives it a funnel or pyramid shape.

16. Major calyx Formed from minor calyces that merge to form the larger or major calyx. All these work to funnel the urine into the ureters.

Collecting ducts that empty urine into the major calyces. 17. Collecting ducts that empty urine into the major calyces.

Kidney Label

QUICK REVIEW OF ELIMINATION Lungs eliminate CO2 Sweat glands eliminate excess heat, salt Digestive tract- indigestible solids, bacteria Urinary tract is the main system of elimination

Functions of the kidney Regulating the composition of the blood which involves the following: Keeping the concentrations of various ions and other important substances constant · Keeping the volume of water in your body constant · Removing wastes from your body · Keeping the acid/base concentration of your blood constant

Renal Arteries & Veins Arteries attach to the abdominal aorta Veins attach to the inferior vena cava

Urine Composition 95 % Water Contains urea and uric acid (characteristic smell) Can contain trace amino acids

Urine may also contain other chemicals that can be detected. Hormones present in a pregnant woman are detectable in urine

17.4 Urine Elimination After urine forms in the nephrons,the ureters (starting with the renal pelvis) carry the urine away to the bladder Bladder is an expandable structure that stores urine before it is eliminated from the body. Transitional epithelial cells change shape to allow for expansion and contraction. artificial bladder grown in a lab

Disorders of the Urinary System Many urinary problems can be solved by drinking enough water.   So how much fluid does the average, healthy adult living in a temperate climate need? The Institute of Medicine determined that an adequate intake (AI) for men is roughly 3 liters (about 13 cups) of total beverages a day. The AI for women is 2.2 liters (about 9 cups) of total beverages a day.

Kidney Stones Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a procedure used to shatter simple stones in the kidney or upper urinary tract. Ultrasonic waves are passed through the body until they strike the dense stones, and make them smaller

Kidney stones Like its name implies a kidney stone is a hard mass formed in the kidneys from mineral deposits. Once formed, it causes an unbelievable amount of pain until it passes thanks to the stones razor-sharp edges. It can block the flow of urine, cause extreme pain and tenderness, chills, fever, nausea and blood in the urine. Men are more likely to get the stones then women.

Commonly known as a "bladder infection" Cystitis = bacteria enters the bladder or kidneys (kidney infection); more common in women because the urethra is shorter Commonly known as a "bladder infection"   UTI = urinary tract infection Frequent  need to urinate Pain in the abdomen Burning sensation during urination Cloudy, bad-smelling urine Blood in the urine Leaking urine Low back pain Fever and chills Nausea and poor appetite

The American Cancer Society’s estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2015 are: About 74,000 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed (about 56,320 in men and 17,680 in women). About 16,000 deaths from bladder cancer (about 11,510 in men and 4,490 in women). Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men.

Catheters  In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel.    The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. Catheterization of the bladder is a common medical procedure, often performed by nurses

Overactive Bladder = sudden contractions of the bladder produce sensation of urgency, also more common in women Incontinence - inability to control urination (or defecation)   Overactive Bladder Commercial

When Kidneys Fail.... Dialysis may be used to clean the blood (hemodialysis) 4 hours, 3 times a week Patients will eventually need a new kidney

Kidney Transplants Modern Family Actress talks about kidney disease Laparoscopic Kidney Removal (surgery) Domino Kidney Transplants or Kidney Exchanges - when you aren't a match for a family member, you can participate in a kidney exchange.

Parts of the Urinary System - The NEPHRON

NEPHRONS - functional unit of the urinary system -each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons -renal corpuscle: composed of a tangled cluster called a glomerulus which filters fluid Pathway = glomerulus -> proximal tubulue --> nephron loop (also called loop of henle) --> distal tubule --> collecting duct --> ureter --> bladder

Also see Kidney and Nephron Coloring

Capillaries in glomerulus filter blood- Bowman’ capsule collects ultra filtrate Through passive and active diffusion, 95% of water is reabsorbed, along with K, Na, Ca Other things are actively excreted, like drugs. Excretion is controlled by hormones such as ADH from hypothalamus

The main functional unit of the kidney is called the NEPHRON. 1 million per kidney Loop of Henle is located in the renal medulla

What blood vessel enters the glomerulus?

glomerular filtration - urine formation begins, plasma is filtered tubular reabsorption - returns most of the fluid to the body tubular secretion - removes what is not needed; produces urine

The Urinary Tract Urinary tract consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, one bladder and one urethra. Women are much more likely to get urinary tract infections because of the length of the urethra. 1.5 inches in women, 8 inches in men

Outer layer- Cortex Inner layer- Medulla Calyx- collects urine as it is formed, join together to form the ureter Renal artery Renal Vein Ureter

Kidneys filter blood- 2, 000 L/day (500 gal) remove waste products and reabsorb water, other valuable substances. 1.5 L of urine/day Metabolism produces toxic substances- esp nitrogen containing waste as a by-product of protein breakdown We eliminate nitrogen as urea- water soluble

Dialysis, Kidney transplant Hemodialysis- serves as an “artificial kidney” 2-3x/week for 2-4 hours Kidney transplant- need suitable donor. Only need one, but must take anti-rejection drugs for the life of the patient