Evaluation Dynagrid® NG 328, impact on Battery Cycle-Life The Notes Page Insert your notes here, and use is as Handout. (running text) Bullet point I Bullet point II Bullet point III Evaluation Dynagrid® NG 328, impact on Battery Cycle-Life COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

DYNAGRID® NG Present and future: extending battery life of SLI and SSI What it is How it works Benefits Cellulose fibers Cellulose dissolves Synthetic scrim remains on plate surface Less shedding charge/discharge cycling Reduced shedding due vibration and shock Acid resistant fibers Dynagrid NG protects integrity of active mass Longer Battery Life

DYNAGRID® NG28 Before and after dissolving GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Präsentationstitel eintragen

DYNAGRID® NG28 Scrim firmly embedded on Plate Surface Use of retainer material pioneered in tubular electrodes for deep discharge batteries. Commonly reach 1000 cycles. Scrim firmly embedded on Plate Surface Synthetic scrim Limits shedding of Plate Protects against Charge/discharge cycling Rough terrain usage (mechanical vibrations) GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

SEM images DYNAGRID® NG On plate surface Detail: Detail: Containment of paste Cellulose fiber on surface Polyester fibers (smooth surface) on paste surface GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Evaluation of Retainer Materials in Lead Acid Batteries Performed for Glatfelter at IEES, Sofia Under supervision of Dr. Ruevski and Prof. Pavlov. Goals Firstly, to quantify the impact of Dynagrid NG 328 on the 50% DOD (depth of discharge) cycle-life by comparing it to cycle-life obtained with a battery produced using our standard pasting paper, Dynagrid 313. Secondly, to compare the improvement in DOD 50% cycle-life obtained using Dynagrid 328 with the cycle-life improvement obtained using a commercially available glass-scrim. Thirdly, to quantify and compare the cycle-life of a new Glatfelter paper at present in development by NPD, the intention is that this paper can be submitted for testing by July. IEES: Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems Goal: Evaluate impact of Dynagrid® NG328 on battery cycle life. Approach: Benchmark Dynagrid® NG328 with: Reference battery, no pasting paper applied Battery with Dynagrid® 313 Dynagrid® NG328 Glass scrim Test used: 50% DOD at 40°C, based on VW75073 Electrical properties being monitored: Internal Resistance (IR) Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA) at -18°C C20 Capacity GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Samples Test Samples In total eight batteries were made, two batteries for each pasting material. Rated capacity of each battery 44 Ah IEES manufactured the battery plates Battery assembly was done on commercial line Electrolyte filling and plate formation done at IEES GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

DOD 50% cycling at 40°C End-of Discharge Voltage vs.Number of Cycles Reference batteries 1 & 2 DYNAGRID 313-1 DYNAGRID 313-2

DOD 50% cycling at 40°C End-of Discharge Voltage vs.Number of Cycles Reference batteries 1 & 2 GLASS FIBER scrim-1 GLASS FIBER scrim-2

DOD 50% cycling at 40°C End-of Discharge Voltage vs.Number of Cycles Reference batteries 1 & 2 DYNAGRID 328-1 DYNAGRID 328-2

50% DOD cycling at 40°C From Figure 1 the EODV 1st cycle are essentially the same. Following cycling a ranking can be made giving in descending order:   EODV FIN1(328) > EODV FIN1(GV) > EODV FIN1(313) > EODV FIN(Ref) The above sequence EDOV implies that NG328 offers the best protection to the mass of the positive plate, during the first unit of 120 cycles. Granted the differences are minor but the trend is clear. Comparison: Number of Cycles to 10 V switch-off Point REFERENCE Dynagrid 313 Dynagrid NG328 glass scrim BAT 01 02 11 12 21 22 31 32 NUMBER OF CYCLES 229 218 224 268 324 313 307 336 AVEAGE 223.5 246 318.5 321.5 CHANGE PER BAT -- 0% 20% 45% 40% 37% 50% AVERAGE 10% 43% 44% GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Internal Resistance IR Prior to cycling test: As can be seen from Figure 2 before cycling the reference batteries have lowest internal resistance. Ranking the internal resistances gives the following sequence in ascending order. IR INIT1(Ref) < IR INIT1(GV) < IR INIT1(328) < IR INIT1(313)   These results show the lower internal resistance of the reference batteries, which can be expected as there is no fibre covering the plate. The other batteries higher and roughly equal internal resistance However, after the first unit of 120 charge-discharge cycles the order of ascending resistance has changed to: IR 2ND(328) < IR 2ND(313)=IR 2ND(GV) < IR 2ND(ref). While it’s too early to draw hard conclusions, it is a fact that, both the CCA and C20 capacity measurements (reported below) support the lower observed internal resistance of NG328 after cycling. NG328 shows better CCA and C20 capacity values compared to GV glass-veil after first 120 cycles. IR Prior to cycling test: (Ref) < (glass scrim) < (328) < (313) Following 1st cycle test: (328) < (313) = (glass scrim) < (ref). Following 2nd cycle test: (328) < (glass scrim) < (313) Ref. 313 328 glass scrim IR INIT1: internal resistance measured prior to cycling test. IR 1ST: internal resistance after first 120 cycles, 25 and 40 deg. C IR 2ND: internal resistance after 240 cycles, 25 and 40 deg. C GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Cold Cranking Amperes at -18°C, according EN CCA Prior to cycling test (Ref) > (glass scrim) > (328) > (313) Following 1st cycle test: (328) > (glass scrim) > (313) > (Ref) Following 2nd cycle test: (328) > (glass scrim) > (313) Ref. 313 328 GV CCA IN1: cold cranking measured prior to cycling CCA1: cold cranking measured following 120 cycles CCA2: cold cranking measured following 240 cycles GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Cold Cranking Amperes at -18°C, according DIN CCA Prior to cycle test (Ref) > (glass scrim) > (328) > (313) Following 1st cycle test (328) > (glass scrim) > (313) > (Ref) Following 2nd cycling test: (328) > (glass scrim) > (313) Ref. 313 328 GV CCA IN1: cold cranking measured prior to cycling CCA1: cold cranking measured following 120 cycles CCA2: cold cranking measured following 240 cycles GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

C20 Discharge Capacity C20 Capacity Prior to cycling test: C20 Discharge capacity, discharge to cut-off voltage 10.5V, at 2.2 Amp. C20 Capacity Prior to cycling test: (Ref) = (313) = (328) = (glass scrim) Following 1st cycle test: (328) > (glass scrim) > (313) > (Ref) Following 2nd cycle test: (328) > (glass scrim) > (313) Ref. 313 328 GV glass scrim DCHRG IN1 to IN3: C20 capacity prior to cycling DCHRG 1: C20 capacity following 120 cycles DCHRG 2: C20 capacity following 240 cycles GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Teardown analysis Reference and Dynagrid® 313 battery Positive Plate Reference Battery After Cycling Positive Plate “313” Battery After Cycling Dynagrid NG328 Polyester scrim covering plate Active mass in place

Teardown analysis Dynagrid® NG328 and glass fiber scrim after removal from plate Polyester scrim completely intact Glass scrim disintegrates, as binder has is dissolved.

Polyester scrim prior to SEM Image Showing Condition of Polyester Scrim before and after DoD 50% Cycle Tests Thermal bonding before cycling Polyester scrim prior to DoD 50% cycle test Thermal bonding at fibre intersection Polyester scrim after withstanding DoD 50% cycle test Thermal bonding After cycling

Condition of Glass Scrim before and after DoD 50% Cycle Tests Binder ensures fibre-to -fibre adhesion Glass scrim prior to DoD 50% cycle test Glass scrim after withstanding DoD 50% cycle test After cycling binder has dissolved

Conclusions All batteries produced are effectively identical All batteries have passed the first unit 120 cycles 50% DOD at 40 ºC. Electricals properties were measured prior to and after cycling Properties measured are internal resistance, cold cranking Ampere and C20 charge/discharge capacity. IEES has succeeded in making 8 almost indentical batteries. This is obvious from the C20 discharge capacities of the batteries prior to undergoing the cycling test Ranking of the electrical properties changes due to effect of cycling and degradation of structure in positive plates. For example, reference batteries have lowest internal resistance directly after production, while they have highest internal resistance after 120 charge discharge cycles After first set of 120 cycles Dynagrid NG328 shows:   best IR, highest CCA and C20 capacity values. Highest EODV on completion of 120 cycles, DOD 50% test. All batteries produced are effectively identical Cycle life Increase of cycle life Dynagrid®NG 328 and glass scrim are equal 43% increase in cycle life NG328 44% increase in cycle life glass scrim Evolution of other electrical properties during cycling Lowest Internal Resistance Highest CCA at -18 ºC measured to EN and DIN Highest C20 capacity Condition of scrim Polyester scrim is intact: both the individual fibres and the thermally bonded cross-over points Glass scrim fibres are intact, but binder is dissolved, therefore no adhesion between fibres GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here

Thank you for your attention All batteries have passed the first unit 120 cycles 50% DOD at 40 ºC. Electricals properties were measured prior to and after cycling Properties measured are internal resistance, cold cranking Ampere and C20 charge/discharge capacity. IEES has succeeded in making 8 almost indentical batteries. This is obvious from the C20 discharge capacities of the batteries prior to undergoing the cycling test Ranking of the electrical properties changes due to effect of cycling and degradation of structure in positive plates. For example, reference batteries have lowest internal resistance directly after production, while they have highest internal resistance after 120 charge discharge cycles After first set of 120 cycles Dynagrid NG328 shows:   best IR, highest CCA and C20 capacity values. Highest EODV on completion of 120 cycles, DOD 50% test. Thank you for your attention Please visit us at booth 21 for more details and information. The Glatfelter Team: Marat Zhafyarov Nikolai Moskalchuk Brendan Naughton GLATFELTER COMPOSITE FIBERS BUSINESS UNIT / © 2011 / Insert Presentation Title here