Molecules TylenolCarbon Dioxide DNAInsulin

Macromolecules LipidsCarbohydratesNucleic AcidsProteins

Macromolecules Polymer PolymerizationMonomer

Example: Brick makes a Brick Wall Monomer = 1 brick Polymer = many bricks make a brick wall

Macromolecules and their Monomers

1. Carbohydrates Use: Main energy source for cells Monomer: Monosaccharide ‘One’ sugar= ‘brick’ Ex: glucose fructose Polymer: Polysaccharides ‘many’ sugars= ‘brick wall’ Big carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides joined together Ex: glycogen (animals) Ex: starch (plants) Food Source: plants, pasta, bread, r_detailpage r_detailpage

Types of Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates: fruits, milk, vegetables (good carbs), candy, and refined sugars (bad carbs). Few nutrients & minerals. Complex Carbohydrates: breads, rice, pasta, starchy vegetables. (All Good Carbs) Provides many minerals & nutrients.

2. Lipids Use: Long term energy storage (fat, oil) Chemical messengers (steroids & cholesterol) Cell membrane (phospholipids) Monomers: Lipids are made of a fatty acid chain & a glycerol head Polymer: Lipids & triglyceride eature=player_detailpage eature=player_detailpage

Lipid monomer: ‘The Brick’ Fatty acid chains can be: 1. Saturated: all single bonds, solid at room temp, found in animals (“bad” fat) 2. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, called oils (“good” fat)

Which is unsaturated? A B C

2 Types of Lipids 1. Sterols: chemical messengers Ex: Cholesterol; Hormones (testosterone & estrogen) 2. Phospholipids: make up cell membranes Glycerol Head (with phosphate group) Hydrophilic: likes water 2 Fatty Acid Chains Hydrophobic: “fears” water Food Source: fats, oils, grease More About the Polymer: Lipids

3. Nucleic Acids Use: store & transmit genetic information Monomers: Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides ( ‘brick’). Nucleotides are composed of a: Sugar: ribose or deoxyribose Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base Adenine (A), Thymine (T) Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U) Polymers: DNA & RNA (‘brick wall’) DNA uses bases A,T,C,G & has 2 strands “Apple-Trees ; Chewing Gum” RNA uses bases A,U,C,G & has 1 strand “Aunts-Uncles ; Chewing-Gum” Food sources: all plant & animal foods

4. Proteins Use: carry out gene expression Structure - found in hair, horns, spider’s silk Transport – moving material Defense - antibodies Enzymes – helping chemical reactions Monomers: Proteins are made of amino acids Joined together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids They join together and fold to make a protein Polymer: Polypeptide or Enzyme

20 Amino Acids: ‘Bricks’ 20 amino acids make up64 different combinations THE GENETIC CODE

Peptide Bond Amino Acids POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN:

Proteins Protein shape determines its function Enzymes are proteins that control the rate of a reaction Central Dogma Rule: genetic information is transferred from: DNARNAProtein Food sources: Meat, dairy products, beans

Pop-quiz 1. The monomer of this group is a monosaccharide. ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

2. This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane. ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

3. Enzymes belong to this group. ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

4. This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell. ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

5. This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes). ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

6. This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch. ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

7. This group is made up of the monomers: fatty acid chain and glycerol head. ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

8. Macromolecules in cells are created from ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) groups of cellsB) toxic substances C) small moleculesD) one element

9. Macromolecules are also known as ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) PolymersB) Monomers C) micromoleculesD) Nucleotides

10. Many amino acids bond together to form which polymer? ANSWERS: ANSWERS: A) CarbohydrateB) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein