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2 Bellringer #1 What is Science? What is Science? How do scientists explore the world? How do scientists explore the world?

3 Chapter 1 Overview This chapter explores the nature of science, the scientific method of discovery, and the difference between scientific theories and laws. This chapter also describes how scientists use models and mathematics. The knowledge and skills gathered in this chapter will serve as a foundation for the study of science.

Ch. 1 Section 1 Key Ideas How do scientists explore the world? How do scientists explore the world? How are the many types of science organized? How are the many types of science organized? What are scientific theories, and how are they different from scientific laws? What are scientific theories, and how are they different from scientific laws? Key Terms Key Terms Science Science Technology Technology Law Law Theory Theory 4

5 Chapter One – Intro to Science

How Science Takes Place 〉 〉 How do scientists explore the world? 〉 〉 A scientist may perform experiments to find a new aspect of the natural world, to explain a known phenomenon, to check the results of other experiments, or to test the predictions of current theories. 6

7 What do Scientists do? a.Observe b.Document c.Investigate d.Experiment e.Confirm results f.Share findings

The Branches of Science 〉 〉 How are the many types of science organized? 〉 〉 Most of the time, natural science is divided into biological science, physical science and Earth science. science: the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested 8

The Branches of Science, continued   The branches of science work together.   biological science: the science of living things   botany, ecology   physical science: the science of matter and energy   chemistry: the science of matter and its changes   physics: the science of forces and energy   earth science: the science of the Earth, the atmosphere, and weather   geology, meteorology 9

10 BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Natural Science Biological Science Science of living things Earth Science Science of Earth Physical Science Science of matter & energy Botany Zoology Ecology Many others Physics: forces and energy Chemistry: matter & its changes Geology Meteorology Astronomy Many others

The Branches of Science, continued Science and technology work together. pure science: the continuing search for scientific knowledge Advances in science and technology depend on each other. technology: the application of science for practical purposes 11

Scientific Laws and Theories 〉 〉 What are scientific theories, and how are they different from scientific laws? 〉 〉 Theories explain why something happens, laws explain how something works. law: a descriptive statement of equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions theory: a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation 12

Scientific Laws and Theories, continued Experimental results support laws and theories. Scientific theories are always being questioned and examined. To be valid, a theory must: explain observations be repeatable be predictable 13

Scientific Laws and Theories, continued   Mathematics can describe physical events.   qualitative statement: describes something with words   quantitative statement: describes something with mathematical equations 14

15 Quantitative expressions of the laws of science make communicating about science easier. Scientists around the world speak and read many different languages but mathematics, the language of science is the same everywhere.

Scientific Laws and Theories, continued   Theories and laws are always being tested.   Models can represent physical events.   model: a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event   Scientists use conceptual, physical, and computer models to study objects and events.   We use models in our everyday lives. 16

17 Three types of models 1. Drawings on paper or computer generated 2. Real objects 3. “mental picture” or set of rules that explains how something works.

18 Models help forecast the weather. The black lines in these models indicate the projected path of Hurricane Katrina days before the eye of the storm made landfall. The satellite image shows the actual location where the eye of the storm hit land

19 Science and Technology The goal of science is to gain knowledge about the natural world. The goal of technology is to apply scientific understanding to solve problems.

20 Theories and Laws are always being tested Sometimes, theories must be changed when new discoveries are made. Many laws that are not correct under all circumstances are still used because they represent easy to understand models of things that we observe in the natural world. Example Ohm’s Law

21 The Nature of Science Science includes both the accumulation of observations and the ever-changing interpretations of those observations. A scientific theory can never be proved absolutely; there is always the possibility that it will be revised or even replaced by a new theory that explains additional observations or laws.

22 Homework Chapter 1 Vocab (15 words) List is on page 35 Due tomorrow

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24 Bellringer #2 Open your books to page 13. Read Leonardo da Vinci Answer the Your Turn Question #1 in your journal.

Key Ideas 〉 〉 How can I think and act like scientist? 〉 〉 How do scientist measure things?

26 Section 2: The Way Science Works 1.Identifying problems, planning experiments, recording observations, and correctly reporting data are some of the most important science skills. 2. Critical thinking helps you solve problems logically. 3. If you approach the problem by asking questions, making observations, and using logic, you are using critical thinking.

Imagine that you and a friend want to buy some popcorn but also want to save money. Would you buy the large container of popcorn, shown in Figure 1, and share? Or would you buy two small containers of popcorn? 27

28 Observe Formulate a Question Research & Collect data Form a Hypothesis Test the Hypothesis ObserveDraw conclusion Observations give additional data for a new hypothesis Scientists use Scientific methods to solve problems

29 Scientists use scientific methods to solve problems. Scientific methods are general ways to help organize your thinking about questions. Scientists test hypotheses by doing a controlled experiment. A variable is a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypotheses. Example: Adding a different amount of pollutants to ten aquariums. Experiments test ideas.

Scientists use special tools There are many tools used by scientists for making observations, including There are many tools used by scientists for making observations, including telescopes spectroscopes particle accelerators 30

Units of Measurement SI units are used for consistency. SI has seven base units. Scientists use standard units of measure that together form the International System of Units or SI. Scientists use standard units of measure that together form the International System of Units or SI. derived units: combinations of the base units

Units of Measurement, continued SI prefixes are for very large and very small measurements. The prefixes are multiple of 10. SI prefixes for large measurements

Units of Measurement, continued SI prefixes for small measurements

Units of Measurement, continued You can convert between small and large numbers. To convert to a smaller unit, multiply the measurement by the ratio of units so that you get a larger number. To convert to a larger unit divide the measurement by the ratio of units so that you get a smaller number.

Math Skills Conversions within SI The width of a soccer goal is 7 m. What is the width of the goal in centimeters? 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: length in meters, l = 7 m Unknown: length in centimeters = ? cm

Math Skills, continued 2. Determine the relationship between units. 1 cm = 0.01 m 1 m = 100 cm Multiply by 100 because you are converting from meters, a larger unit, to centimeters, a smaller unit. 3. Write the equation for the conversion. length in cm = m 

Math Skills, continued length in cm = 700 cm 4. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. length in cm = 7 m 

Units of Measurement, continued Measurements quantify your observations. length: a measure of the straight-line distance between two points mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object volume: a measure of the size of a body or region in three- dimensional space weight: a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

39 Homework Metric Conversions Worksheet 1 Metric Conversion Practice Problems

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41 Bellringer #3 Open your books to page 29 Open your books to page 29 Read How was the Gateway Arch Built? Read How was the Gateway Arch Built? Answer the two questions in your journal Answer the two questions in your journal

Key Ideas 〉 〉 Why is organizing data an important science skill? 〉 〉 How do scientists handle very large and very small numbers? 〉 〉 How can you tell the precision of a measurement?

43 Section 3 Organizing Data Because scientists use written reports and oral presentations to share their results, organizing and presenting data are important science skills.

Presenting Scientific Data Line graphs are best for continuous change. dependent variable: values depend on what happens in the experiment Plotted on the x-axis independent variable: values are set before the experiment takes place Plotted on the y-axis

Line Graph

Presenting Scientific Data, continued Bar graphs compare items. A bar graph is useful for comparing similar data for several individual items or events. A bar graph can make clearer how large or small the differences in individual values are.

Bar Graph

Presenting Scientific Data, continued Pie graphs show the parts of a whole. Pie graphs show the parts of a whole. A pie graph is ideal for displaying data that are parts of a whole. A pie graph is ideal for displaying data that are parts of a whole. Data in a pie chart is presented as a percent. Data in a pie chart is presented as a percent. Composition of a Winter Jacket

Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation 〉 〉 How do scientists handle very large and very small numbers? 〉 〉 To reduce the number of zeros in very big and very small numbers, you can express the values as simple numbers multiplied by a power of 10, a method called scientific notation. scientific notation: a method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power

Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation, continued Some powers of 10 and their decimal equivalents are shown below = 1, = = = = = = 0.001

Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation, continued Use scientific notation to make calculations. When you use scientific notation in calculations, you follow the math rules for powers of 10. When you multiply two values in scientific notation, you add the powers of 10. When you divide, you subtract the powers of 10.

Math Skills Writing Scientific Notation The adult human heart pumps about 18,000 L of blood each day. Write this value in scientific notation. 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: volume, V = 18,000 L Unknown: volume, V = ?  10 ? L

Math Skills, continued 2. Write the form for scientific notation. V = ?  10 ? L 3. Insert the known values into the form, and solve. Find the largest power of 10 that will divide into the known value and leave one digit before the decimal point. You get 1.8 if you divide 10,000 into 18,000 L. 18,000 L can be written as (1.8  10,000) L

Math Skills, continued Then, write 10,000 as a power of ,000 = ,000 L can be written as 1.8  10 4 L V = 1.8  10 4 L

Using Significant Figures 〉 〉 How can you tell the precision of a measurement? 〉 〉 Scientists use significant figures to show the precision of a measured quantity. precision: the exactness of a measurement significant figure: a prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done based on the precision of the measurement

Using Significant Figures, continued Precision differs from accuracy. accuracy: a description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured

Accuracy and Precision, Part 1

Accuracy and Precision, Part 2

Using Significant Figures, continued Round your answers to the correct significant figures. When you use measurements in calculations, the answer is only as precise as the least precise measurement used in the calculation. The measurement with the fewest significant figures determines the number of significant figures that can be used in the answer.

Homework Concept Review and Organizing Data worksheets Concept Review and Organizing Data worksheets 60

DO NOT TOUCH ANY OF THE LAB MATERIALS ON THE DESKS!

Bellringer # 4 1. Record all of the observations that you can make about the candle. 62

Bellringer #4 Cont. 2. Record as many observations about the burning candle as you can. 63

Measurement Lab Listen Carefully and follow all directions. Listen Carefully and follow all directions. 64

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Bellringer #5 Convert the following 1. 8cm = __m mm = ___m 3. 15mm = ____m mm = ____m 5. 5m = _____mm kg = _____g 7. 75g = _____kg kg = _____g kg = _____mg ,000g = _____kg 66

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Bellringer # 6 Open your book to page 36 Open your book to page 36 Answer questions 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 Answer questions 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 You may number your questions and put the letter of the correct answer. You do not have to write the question. You may number your questions and put the letter of the correct answer. You do not have to write the question. 68

Homework Open your books to page 36 Open your books to page 36 On a sheet of paper complete the Chapter 1 Review. On a sheet of paper complete the Chapter 1 Review. What you do not finish in class will be homework. What you do not finish in class will be homework. Do NOT do problems 3, 6, 17, 22, 23, 28, 29, and 30. Do NOT do problems 3, 6, 17, 22, 23, 28, 29, and

Review for Vocab Quiz You have 5 minutes You have 5 minutes 70

Class Agenda Go over the answers for the vocab quiz Go over the answers for the vocab quiz Go over the test prep pg. 38 Go over the test prep pg. 38 Go over the Chapter 1 Review pg. 36 Go over the Chapter 1 Review pg

Homework Study for the test! 72

Bellringer #6 Read How Do Fireworks Work? Page 133 Read How Do Fireworks Work? Page 133 Answer Your Turn Question 1 in your journal. Answer Your Turn Question 1 in your journal. 73