Human Anatomy & Physiology Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System

Cardiovascular System Layers of heart wall –Pericardium Parietal Visceral –Epicardium –Myocardium –Endocardium Heart valves

Basically 2 pumps –Right Pulmonary circulation –Left Systemic circulation

Heart Chambers & vessels –Right atrium Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava –Right Ventricle Pulmonary artery –Left atrium Pulmonary veins (2) –Left Ventricle Aorta

Heart Valves –Semilunar Outflow valves Pulmonary Aortic –Atrioventricular Strong Tricuspid Bicuspid –Mitral

Coronary circulation –First branch off aorta –Left Anterior descending Circumflex –Right

Conduction pathway –SA node Pacemaker –AV node –Bundle of His –Left & Right bundle branches –Purkinje fibers

Cardiaccycle Cardiac cycle

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Blood Vessels Arteries –distribution of nutrients –maintenance of blood pressure Veins –takes waste products back to heart for circulation & disposal –valves keep flow going in one direction Capillaries –where internal respiration occurs »i.e. the exchange of O 2 & CO 2 between vessel & cell –where exchanges occur for nutrients, wastes, and fluids

Blood Composition Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed Elements (45%) –Plasma = the liquid faction of blood; blood minus its formed element –Serum = plasma minus clotting factors

Pathology (diseases) Anemia Hemophilia Leukemia Phlebitis Varicose veins Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Thrombus & embolus Hypertension Congestive heart failure Coronary artery disease –Angina –Myocardial infarction

Lymphatic System Structures –Lymph –Lymphatic vessels Lacteals –Lymph nodes Tonsils Peyer’s patches –Thymus –Spleen –Thoracic duct –Lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Functions –Immunity (defense) –Remove excess fluids

Capillary exchange: Filtration and osmosis

Respiratory System Structures –Upper respiratory tract Nose Pharynx Larynx –Lower respiratory tract Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs – Left = 2lobes –Right = 3 lobes Pleura –Parietal –Visceral Functions –Ventilation –Respiration

Respiration: External & Internal

Lung expansion and collapse

Pathology of Respiratory System Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Asthma Emphysema Chronic bronchitis (bronchiectasis) Lung cancer Pneumonia Pleurisy Tuberculosis (see next slide)

3 accessory organs –Liver –Gallbladder –Pancreas Digestive System Structures –Mouth Salivary glands –Pharynx –Esophagus –Stomach –Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum –Large intestine Cecum (appendix) Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus

Functions –Ingestion –Digestion –Absorption Villi Capillaries Lacteals –Elimination “busiest” area –Duodenum

Intestinal wall & absorption –Folds of mucous membrane –Rugae –Plicae –Villi –Microvilli

Pathology of the Digestive System Peptic ulcers Gastroenteritis Peritonitis Hepatitis Cirrhosis Gallstones Pancreatitis Hernia –Diaphragmatic –Umbilical –Inguinal Diverticulitis Ulcerative colitis Colon cancer

Diverticulosis & Diverticulitis in sigmoid colon

Hernias; Gallstones; Cancer