Macromolecules -large molecules of living things Chapter 6

Macromolecules Fold book as shown and cut flaps as shown Label the top of each flap 1 with the following:  ( Monomer) Monosaccaride  (Monomer) Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains  (Monomer) Amino acid  (Monomer) Nucleotide

Macromolecules – Flap 3  ( Polymer) Carbohydrate  (Polymer) Lipid  (Polymer) Protein  (Polymer)Nucleic Acid - DNA & RNA

Front Flap #1 Draw Glucose (Glucose)

Write on the left hand side flap #2 Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Carbs have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbohydrates function as cellular f uel

CARBOHYDRATES 3 types of carbohydrates 1)Monosaccharides – Simple Sugars, 1 sugar a) can be used to form more complex carbohydrates - quick energy b) examples 1) Glucose- blood sugar used as fuel for plants & animals 2) Galactose- simple milk sugar 3) Fructose- fruit sugar c) chemical formula for all - C 6 H 12 O 6

CARBOHYDRATES 2) Disaccharides – complex carbohydrate Double Sugars – 2 sugars a) the joining of two simple sugars examples 1) Sucrose- table sugar: made from glucose-fructose 2) Lactose- milk sugar: made from glucose-galactose 3) Maltose- barley sugar: made from glucose-glucose

CARBOHYDRATES 3) Polysaccharides – Many Sugars a) the form in which living things store excess sugar long-term energy b) 3 forms of polysaccharides 1) Starch - Most important found in: plants & animals 2) Glycogen - excess sugar stored in this molecule found in: plant & animals forms: fat molecules 3) Cellulose - major component of wood found in: plants forms: support system in stems: gives strength & rigidity

Using your Glucose Molecules On the inside of the flap create dehydration synthesis by cutting off the -OH and the -H to create 2 bonds.  Dehydration Synthesis - Process where simpler carbs are put together to form larger molecules  Water is lost You will create a (Polymer)Polysaccharide  Write this under the molecule that you have made Hydrolysis reaction  Process where complex carbs are broken down into simpler carbs  Water is needed

Turn back to the Front Flap #1 Draw Glycerol and 3 fatty acids Fatty Acid Chains!

Write on the inside flap 2 left hand side Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Lipids DO NOT have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen Fatty acids contain an organic acid group –COOH at one end In order for a lipid to be utilized, it must be broken down into its building blocks Triglycerides – neutral fats, known as fats when solid or oils when liquid  Triglycerides are found mostly beneath the skin where they insulate and protect the body from trauma Saturated – have only single covalent bonds (solids at room temp) Unsaturated - contain one or more double bonds (oils at room temperature)

Write on the inside flap left hand side Phospholipids –  modified triglycerides  Build cell membranes Steroids –  Cholesterol  Found in cell membranes, synthesize vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts Eicosanoids –  Cell membranes  Prostaglandins play roles with blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammatory response and labor contractions

Inside Flap 3 right side second row Glycerol and fatty acid chains are joined by dehydration synthesis On the inside of the flap create dehydration synthesis by cutting off the -OH and the -H to create the bonds. You will create a (Polymer)Lipid  Write this under the molecule that you have made  It will look E shaped

Turn back to the Front Flap #3 Protein

Write on the left hand side Contains C, H, O, N There are 20 different types of amino acids Contain an amine(amino) group NH2 and an organic acid group –COOH and an R group Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds Most proteins contain from , 000 amino acids Fibrous Proteins – structural proteins  Provide mechanical support (collagen, keratin, elastin)  Insoluble Globular Proteins – functional proteins  Water soluble  Regulate pH, enzymes, body defense, regulation of metabolism, transport

Inside Flap right side third row Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis via peptide bonds On the inside of the flap create dehydration synthesis by cutting off the -OH and the -H to create the bonds. You will create a (Polymer)Protein or Polypeptide  Write this under the molecule that you have made  Label the bonds – Peptide Bonds

Turn back to the Front Flap #4 Nucleotide

Write on the left hand side Contains C, O, H, N and P DNA and RNA (2 types of nucleic acids) Nucleotide contains  5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, or ribose)  Phosphate group  Nitrogenous base (ATGCU) H bonds between bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (nitrogenous bases) DNA constitutes genetic material (double stranded polymer 2 Roles of DNA  Replicates itself for descendant cells (mitosis)  Provides the basic instructions to building every protein in the body RNA carries out orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA  Single stranded  mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Nucleotides are joined by dehydration synthesis via H Bonds On the inside of the flap create dehydration synthesis by cutting off the -OH and the -H to create the bonds. You will create a (Polymer)Nucleic Acid  Write this under the molecule that you have made