Climate Change and Developing Nations

What Do You Think? What is a developing country? What is a developing country?

Developing Country Developing Country: Developing Country: Usually countries with low levels of ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Usually countries with low levels of ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Other terms sometimes used are Other terms sometimes used are underdeveloped nations, underdeveloped nations, undeveloped nations, undeveloped nations, third world nations, or third world nations, or non-industrialized nations. non-industrialized nations. the opposite are developed nations, first world nations, or industrialized nations. the opposite are developed nations, first world nations, or industrialized nations.

Industrialized Non-Industrialized (Developed) (Developing) Technology Technology The right tool for using the Mineral Resources The right tool for using the Mineral Resources Money Money Science Science Insurance Insurance Overpopulation Overpopulation Misuse of land Misuse of land Poor planning Poor planning "outside influences" "outside influences" Poor economic status Poor economic status Lack of technology Lack of technology Geographic Location Geographic Location

Determining Development To determine a country’s development, these statistics are usually considered by the United Nations To determine a country’s development, these statistics are usually considered by the United Nations 1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 2. Life Expectancy 3. Literacy Rate 4. Education 5. Healthcare System United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. (Wikipedia) international organizationinternational lawinternational security economic developmentsocial progresshuman rightsinternational organizationinternational lawinternational security economic developmentsocial progresshuman rights

GDP GDP GDP Is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time Is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time Measures health of economy Measures health of economy Consumption + investment + government spending + (exports-imports) Per Capita Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. It is usually used in the field of statistics to indicate the average per person for any given concern, e.g. income, crime rate. (Wikipedia) statisticsaverage incomecrimestatisticsaverage incomecrime

Life Expectancy Is the average age a person usually lives. Is the average age a person usually lives.

Literacy Rate The ability to read, write, listen, and speak a language at a level adequate for communication. The ability to read, write, listen, and speak a language at a level adequate for communication.

Education The availability of education for everyone and higher education The availability of education for everyone and higher education

Healthcare System The Prevention, treatment, and management of illnesses The Prevention, treatment, and management of illnesses

Developing Countries More Rural More Rural More Subsistence Farming More Subsistence Farming

Subsistence Farming An area that produces only enough food to feed the family and or the people working it. It is a very hard way of living. An area that produces only enough food to feed the family and or the people working it. It is a very hard way of living.

Commercial Farming--Defined An area that produces enough food to help feed the masses. Farming for profit. An area that produces enough food to help feed the masses. Farming for profit.

Rural vs Urban Sometimes referred to as “the country” which are less populated areas that are found outside of a city and keep away from the influence of large cities. Also called the wilderness, outback, farms, isolated areas etc. Sometimes referred to as “the country” which are less populated areas that are found outside of a city and keep away from the influence of large cities. Also called the wilderness, outback, farms, isolated areas etc.

Urban--Defined Living in a larger populated area with industry Living in a larger populated area with industry

3 things hinder growth of developing countries : Growing population absorbs much economic growth from resources. Growing population absorbs much economic growth from resources. Global economics and finance dominated by developed nations. Global economics and finance dominated by developed nations. Face issues of environmental awareness were absent when industrialized countries were growing economically. Face issues of environmental awareness were absent when industrialized countries were growing economically.

Fig Population Growth: The #1 Environmental Problem?

Fig Statistics shows that population of our planet is growing rapidly.

 More than 7 billion people on globe  concern among environmentalists. world-population/ world-population/ World population growth rate declined recently, World population growth rate declined recently, World population continues to grow due to population momentum. World population continues to grow due to population momentum. infowars.net The current world population

In 1850, the human population reached its first billion. In 1850, the human population reached its first billion. By 1930, it was 2 billion. By 1930, it was 2 billion. By 1960, the human population reached 3 billion. By 1960, the human population reached 3 billion. Then in 1975, 4 billion, and so on… Then in 1975, 4 billion, and so on…

Fig. 16.5

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION A. People per Square Mile in 1998 A. People per Square Mile in 1998 Earth land area 104 United States 74 United States 74 Mexico 130 Mexico 130 China 335 China 335 India 805 India 805 Japan 863 Japan 863 Los Angeles 7,600 Los Angeles 7,600 New York City 24,000 New York City 24,000 Tokyo 25,000 Tokyo 25,000 Manhattan 75,000 Manhattan 75,000 Bombay 127,000 Bombay 127,000 Hong Kong 247,000 Hong Kong 247,000 (World Almanac, 1999 )

Source: United Nations Population Division, Briefing Packet, 1998 Revision of World Population Prospects. World Population Distribution by Region, 1800–2050

Population Density Defined as number of people per unit area Defined as number of people per unit area Most crowded areas Asia and Europe. Most crowded areas Asia and Europe. Africa, has high rate of population growth, but is not densely populated. Africa, has high rate of population growth, but is not densely populated.

Question: Bangladesh had a 1999 population of 127 million on a land area of 144,000 km2 (55,000 mi2). Calculate the nation's population density in persons per km2. Question: Bangladesh had a 1999 population of 127 million on a land area of 144,000 km2 (55,000 mi2). Calculate the nation's population density in persons per km2. 127,000,000/144,000 = 882 people/km2 127,000,000/144,000 = 882 people/km2

Abbott, 2005

AGE STRUCTURES & POPULATION Shape of the Age Distribution Shape of the Age Distribution Equilateral triangle = under developed country with high birth and death rates Equilateral triangle = under developed country with high birth and death rates India 1951 is example India 1951 is example A broad base = rapidly growing countries with high birth and declining death rates A broad base = rapidly growing countries with high birth and declining death rates example - Mauritius 1959 (44% <15 years old) example - Mauritius 1959 (44% <15 years old) A narrow base and straight sides = countries with low birth and death rates A narrow base and straight sides = countries with low birth and death rates example - Great Britain 1959 (23% <15 years old) example - Great Britain 1959 (23% <15 years old) A rapid decrease of birth rates produces constrictions at the base A rapid decrease of birth rates produces constrictions at the base example - Japan in 1960 example - Japan in 1960 For U.S., a bell-shape in 1960 because of low birth and death rates followed by the baby boom For U.S., a bell-shape in 1960 because of low birth and death rates followed by the baby boom a. 22% of US population <15 in 1986 a. 22% of US population <15 in 1986

Birth/Death Rates Birth/Death Rates When much of country's population is young, get high population growth rates When much of country's population is young, get high population growth rates Even if average total fertility rate is modest because many females are of childbearing age, Even if average total fertility rate is modest because many females are of childbearing age,

The World’s Largest Cities 1995 Population (in millions)Growth Rate Population (in millions)Growth Rate Tokyo 1.45% Tokyo 1.45% Mexico City1.81 Mexico City1.81 Sao Paulo, Brazil1.81 Sao Paulo, Brazil1.81 NYC0.34 NYC0.34 Bombay4.24 Bombay4.24 Shanghai0.36 Shanghai0.36 LA1.60 LA1.60 Calcutta1.81 Calcutta1.81 Buenos Aires1.15 Buenos Aires1.15 Seoul1.92 Seoul1.92

Population Doubling Time The length of time needed for a population to double in size. The length of time needed for a population to double in size. Doubling times can be approximated by the rule of 70: Doubling times can be approximated by the rule of 70: Doubling time (in years) = 70/% growth rate/year Doubling time (in years) = 70/% growth rate/year

Population Doubling Time Calculation To begin our analysis, we will project the population of Dhaka, Bangladesh in the future using the doubling time formula, t = 70/k (where t = the doubling time and k = the growth rate, expressed as %) To begin our analysis, we will project the population of Dhaka, Bangladesh in the future using the doubling time formula, t = 70/k (where t = the doubling time and k = the growth rate, expressed as %) Question 1: Question 1: The population of Dhaka was 8 million in First, calculate the doubling time (that is, when the population will increase to 16 million) at the 1998 growth rate of 6% per year. The population of Dhaka was 8 million in First, calculate the doubling time (that is, when the population will increase to 16 million) at the 1998 growth rate of 6% per year. Question 2: Question 2: Using the doubling time you just calculated, project what the population will be in five doubling periods (the year 2058). Using the doubling time you just calculated, project what the population will be in five doubling periods (the year 2058).

Total fertility rate (TFR) - estimate of average number of children woman will have during childbearing years Total fertility rate (TFR) - estimate of average number of children woman will have during childbearing years In 1995, the TFR was 3.1 children per woman; still far above replacement level (1.6 in MDCs & 3.5 in LDCs) In 1995, the TFR was 3.1 children per woman; still far above replacement level (1.6 in MDCs & 3.5 in LDCs) map shows average number of children born to woman during her lifetime. map shows average number of children born to woman during her lifetime. The darker the color, the greater the number of children. The darker the color, the greater the number of children. Childbearing years are usually considered to be the ages of Childbearing years are usually considered to be the ages of

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India Generally disappointing results Generally disappointing results 1952 – 400 million 1952 – 400 million 2004 – 1.2 billion 2004 – 1.2 billion Poor planning Poor planning Bureaucratic inefficiency Bureaucratic inefficiency Low status of women Low status of women Extreme poverty Extreme poverty Lack of support Lack of support Culture – Indian women believe you need children to work, care for when they are old. Culture – Indian women believe you need children to work, care for when they are old.

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China Economic incentives (food, large pensions, better housing, salary bonuses, free schooling) Economic incentives (food, large pensions, better housing, salary bonuses, free schooling) Free medical care Free medical care Free sterilization Free sterilization Locally administered Locally administered Very intrusive and coercive Very intrusive and coercive Problem with parents selecting for males Problem with parents selecting for males Fertility rate decreased from 5.7 in 1972 to 1.7 in Fertility rate decreased from 5.7 in 1972 to 1.7 in 2004.

Cutting Global Population Growth Family planning Family planning Improve health care Improve health care Elevate the status of women Elevate the status of women Increase education Increase education Involve men in parenting Involve men in parenting Reduce poverty Reduce poverty Sustainability Sustainability

Carrying capacity is Carrying capacity is number of individuals of a population that can be supported in certain area for a prolonged period of time by resources of that area. number of individuals of a population that can be supported in certain area for a prolonged period of time by resources of that area. When a population lives within its carrying capacity, it does not degrade the resources upon which it depends. When a population lives within its carrying capacity, it does not degrade the resources upon which it depends. Biological Carrying Capacity about 50 Billion Biological Carrying Capacity about 50 Billion

Impacts of continued growth in human populations include: Sub-Saharan Africa Population is increasing by 3% yearly Population is increasing by 3% yearly Food supply is only annually growing by 1%. Food supply is only annually growing by 1%.