Smallholder cocoa agrorest, traditional knowledge and pest and diseases management in Southern Cameroon. Denis J. Sonwa1, Stephan F. Weise2, Ousmane Coulibaly3 1. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Po Box 2008 (Messa) Yaoundé-Cameroon, or 2. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)- Ghana 3. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plant health Management Division, P.O. Box , Cotonou, Benin IUFRO International Conference, October 2008, Accra Ghana Theme: Traditional Forest-related Knowledge and Sustainable Forest Management in Africa

Presentation outline  (1) Importance of the cocoa agroforestry system,  (2) Pest constraints & management  (3)Micro-Ecology of cocoa agroforest and pest management  (4) Indigenous pest management developed by farmers  (5) Perspectives

Low/no-shade, quasi-monospecific (Western Ivory Coast)  Disappearance of forests’ functions  Management of cocoa  years of sustained production Shaded, multistrata, multispecies (Southern Cameroon)  Limited modification of forests’ functions  Co-management of cocoa & retained/introduced trees  More than 40 years of sustained production (1) Importance of the cocoa agroforestry system The cocoa tree originated from Amazon forest with different managements options in West and Central Africa

The study area: Southern Cameroon YaoundéMbalmayoEbolowa Population Density (Persons/Km 2 ) Fallow length (years) Forest (% land)* Source: Gockowski (1996), *Thenkbail (1999) 914 km 574 km Humid Forest Zone [21.7 million ha] EBOLOWA MBALMAYO YAOUNDE THE BENCHMARK [1.54 million ha] (1) Importance of the cocoa agroforestry system

(2) Pest constraints & management ConstraintsMean Severity Rating by Constraint by Block Yaoundé (n=96) Mbalmayo (n=105) Ebolowa (n=99) HFZ Mean (n=300) Black pod disease Capsids Mammals Minor pests/diseases Other constraints Sonwa et al. (2005) Table: Mean severity rating of identified cocoa production constraints in Southern Cameroon Main fungicide uses by farmers: Nordox, Kocide, Cacaobre, and Ridomil (Mainly copper-based ) Few insecticides uses by farmers: Azinphos methyl, Cypercal, Dusban and Aldrin (a WHO 1b classification: “highly dangerous”)

(2) Pest constraints & management Yaounde (n=96) Mbalmayo (n=104) Ebolowa (n=100) HFZ (n=300) P Buy their pesticides in the village market23ab29a10b Buy their pesticides in the nearest town34a10b16b Buy their pesticides in a local cooperative0b 3a Buy from other farmers Take on credit from a local company Others.0b20a21a Sonwa et al. (2008) Table: Shopping preferences of farmers according to pesticide supply points in each of 3 humid forest zone of southern Cameroon (in % households per zone) The two main constraints faced by those who use pesticides (i.e. 60% of farmers) are the high cost and unavailability The consequence is non/less application of pesticides which generally leads to significant cocoa yield losses

(3) Micro-Ecology of cocoa agroforest and pest management Pests and diseases are generally influenced by the presence of trees within the cocoa production system Fast spread of the black pod disease often associated with high levels of crown closure Forest cover influences light intensity, temperature, air movement, and the relative humidity within plantations Fast spread of the capsid often associated with low levels of crown closure Some tree species typically associated with the cocoa plantation, host the Phytophtora fungus or Miridae spp

(4) Indigenous pest management developed by farmers Coulibaly et al Sustainability of the use of Cannabis plant extract is however threatened as the plant is officially forbidden for cropping because of its classification as drug

(4) Indigenous pest management developed by farmers Coulibaly et al Plant-based pesticide species are directly found within the cocoa plantations, thus making them accessible

(4) Indigenous pest management developed by farmers Coulibaly et al The application of the new mixtures is combining with the former knowledge of farmer to manage tree density inside cocoa plantations The uses of these plants extract are based on the previous farmers knowledge on their toxicity (some are poisons, while others are used for human heath purpose)

Most fruit & non-fruit trees species commonly planted by cocoa farmers inside their cocoa plantation(southern Cameroon ) Fruit trees species (% of farmers) Non fruit trees species (% of farmers) 1Dacryodes edulis (83 ) Terminalia superba (32) 2Persea Americana (77 ) Triplochiton scleroxylon (31) 3Mangifera indica (71 ) Millicia excelsa (25 ) 4Citrus sinensis (57 ) Ceiba pentandra (18 ) 5Citrus reticula (27) Ficus mucuso (14 ) Sonwa (2004) Perspectives Introducing/maintaining/managing trees inside cocoa agroforest generally increase the socio-economic and ecological importance of cocoa agroforestry system

There is a need of tradeoffs between forest cover and the constraints imposed by pests and disease on sustainable cocoa production. Perspectives Challenge: Managing pest and diseases constraints in a complex cocoa agroforest Previous efforts were generally cocoa production oriented

Perspectives Participatory discussions between farmers to improve their cocoa agroforest models Farmers fields school activities (IPM) Ongoing fields activity on cocoa agroforest management in Cameroon Multidisciplinary approaches taking in consideration farmer experiences/knowledge are keys for Sustainable tree forest management in cocoa landscape in Cameroon

Conclusion Sustainable forest management can not omitted to take in consideration forest trees use by farmers to manage pest and diseases in cocoa farms…. These trees also play socio-economic and ecological roles in cocoa landscape  The indigenous knowledge developed by farmers to overcome pest and disease problems are based on single plant extract or mixture (sometime with synthetic pesticides).  The knowledge developed by farmers are based on their previous perception of the nature of the products they uses.  The methods are also taking in consideration previous knowledge of farmers related to the management of tree density to reduce pest and diseases

Many Thanks