Chapter 13 - The End Of The World As We Know It?!

What is Human Geography?

 Human geography:  A branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface.

The Scope of Human Geography  It encompasses human, political, cultural, social and economic aspects of the social sciences.  It is not possible to discuss human geography without going into the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out.

The Scope of Human Geography  Human geography is concerned with an array of human enterprises, from villages and cities, schools, health, commerce and trade, to name a few.

Fields of Human Geography  Cultural  Development  Economic  Health  Historical  Political  Population  Tourism  Urban  Philosophy

Introduction to Population and Demography  Population: is a group of people living within a particular region or space with well-established boundaries.

Introduction to Population and Demography  Demography: is the statistical study of human populations that begins with the formal counting of people in a particular region or space = it helps us to understand the causes and consequences of population change.

Introduction to Population and Demography  Census: the formal counting of people; a census records population numbers.  A census is done every 10 years and a less detailed one every 5 years = Canada: 2006, 2011.

Introduction to Population and Demography  The statistical information a census collects may not be reliable due to several reasons:  Government may not have the ability to conduct a thorough census  People avoid (fear of government)  Transient/homeless populations not counted  People who live in slums/shantytowms not counted

Introduction to Population and Demography  The statistical information a census in Canada collects includes:  How many people in your household  Age  Level of education/literacy  Income/Employment  Sex/Gender  Ethnicity/Racialization  Languages spoken

World Population Growth at a Glance  In 6000 BCE (Before Common Era, formally BC) the world’s population was over 250 million.  By 1 CE (Common Era), the world’s population was over 250 million.  Two hundred years ago, in 1804, the world’s population reached 1 billion.

World Population Growth at a Glance  In 1960, the world’s population was 3 billion.  Today, the world’s population is 7+ billion.  Recently, the United Nations estimated that the world’s population will increase to about 11 billion by 2100!

World Population Growth at a Glance  World Population Clock Live:  hocking_environmental_facts_and_statisti cs/world_population_clock_live hocking_environmental_facts_and_statisti cs/world_population_clock_live

7 Billion: National Geographic ayer_embedded&v=sc4HxPxNrZ0http:// ayer_embedded&v=sc4HxPxNrZ0

Population Growth  The world’s population has been undergoing a ultra-rapid growth since 1800 and especially since  This growth has occurred over a short period of time.

Population Growth  A growth such as this, an exponential population growth, could be harmful to the environment, resources and people on the planet.

Exponential Population Growth  Exponential population growth:  The ultra-rapid population growth that occurs over a short period of time.

Did You Know?  The world’s population increases by 80 million annually.  Currently 80% of the world’s people live in developing countries.

Did You Know?  Developing countries are countries that have experienced steady population and economic growth but still lack high standards of living.  Canada's population is approximately 35 million (2011).

Did You Know?  The two nations of China and India are comprised of more than 2 billion people and that is one third of the world’s total population.  If the world were reduced to a village of 100 people, 60 of the individuals from that village would be Asian, 14 Africa, 12 European, 8 Latin American, 5 from Canada and the USA, and 1 from the South Pacific.

Demographers  Demographers:  Those who study demography – are most interested in statistics that help them predict and explain changes in society in terms of population.

Population Rates – Go Figure!  The components of population change are:  How many people are born  How many people die  How many people move in and out of an area

The Components of Population Change Equation  Expressed in this equation are: Birth – deaths (or BR–DR) + immigrants – emigrants (or IMMI-EMI) = increase or decrease in Population

The Components of Population Change Equation  It is not very useful to compare births and deaths of countries that have widely different populations.  What really matters is comparing the relationship between the number of births and the size of the population.

The Components of Population Change Equation  Demographers do this by using measurements called BIRTH RATES (BR) and DEATH RATES (DR).  Demographers use rates per thousand when figuring population change.

Birth and Death Rates  Crude Birth Rate:  is calculated by dividing the number of births in one year by the population and then multiplying the result by 1000.

Birth and Death Rates  Crude Death Rate: is calculated by dividing the number of deaths in one year by the population and then multiplying the result by  Rate of natural increase: subtracting deaths from births (BR – DR = Rate of Natural Increase).

Exponential Rate  Human populations have the potential to grow at an ever increasing rate.  Generations build on previous generations in a compound fashion like this: 1, 2, 4, 8.  Exponential rate: the rapid rate of increase as each generations doubles in size.

Exponential Rate: A Convenient Rule  A convenient way to express exponential population growth is to use the length of time it would take for a population to double in size.  One way to calculate this is to apply the “rule of seventy”.

The Rule of Seventy  “Rule of Seventy”: Doubling time is approximately equal to seventy divided ( ) by the growth rate (in per cent/%) per year.  Doubling Time: the period of years that is takes for a country to double its population at its current birth rate.

The Rule of Seventy: Example  NOTE: his is an example not the Rule of Seventy Equation  Gabon (a country in west central Africa) at the present rate of natural increase has a doubling time of approximately 47 years:  70 divided by 1.5 (per cent growth per year) = 46.7 years.

Population Growth Rate Equation  Population Growth Rate Equation: (Net Migration Rate/NMR) + (Birth Rate (BR) – Death Rate (DR))

Population Growth Rate  Canada’s immigration includes economic/skilled worker migrants, family sponsorships, caregivers, and refugees escaping persecution.  The result of immigration to countries like Canada and the US is a multicultural population.

The Effect of Immigration  Population increase in some countries, particularly Canada, depends on immigration.  As well, emigrants leave the country each year affects the demography.

The Effect of Immigration  Immigration: is the process of people moving from one country or region to another country or region from their country of origin.

The Effect of Migrations  Emigration: is a process of people moving away from their country or region to a new country or region to live.  Migration: moving from one area to another (within a country - aka internal migration).

Rates of Migrations  Immigration Rate: the rate in which people immigrate to a country, usually based on the number of people per thousand who enter a country.  Emigration Rate: the rate at which people emigrate, usually based on the people per thousand who leave a country.

The Push-Pull of Migration  Push-Pull Factors:  Are events that will pull people towards or push people away from living in a particular place, region or country.  These factors usually include social, environmental, economic and/or political changes in a region or country (employment, war, persecution, environmental disaster etc.).

The Push-Pull of Migration  Most immigrants to Canada come as economic migrants/skilled workers from developing nations, wanting to better their standard of living.  Others come as refugees to escape persecution in their home country.  The multicultural populations of Canada and the USA are the result of migrations.

Developed + Undeveloped Countries  Developed countries:  a country with a highly developed economy, with a strong service sector and often an industrial base + high standards of living with high levels of literacy, health services, and food supplies.

Developed + Undeveloped Countries  Developing countries:  a country with an economy that depends more on primary industries, and citizens have a lower standard of living than those in developed countries with low levels of literacy, health services, and food supplies.

Calculating Population  Canada is experiencing a fairly low birth rate, as a result immigration has become the main contributor to our population growth.  To get an accurate picture of Canada’s population (or another country’s population), we need to calculate the net migration rate.

Calculating Net Population  Net Migration Rate:  The difference between the number of people immigrating (arriving) to a country and the number of people emigrating (leaving).

Net Migration Rate Calculation  The calculation for the net migration rate is as followed: Immigration Rate (people arriving in Canada) – Emigration Rate (people leaving Canada) = Net Migration Rate (NMR)

POPULATION GROWTH AND CHANGE Up Next:

PBS Demography Interactive Links Human Numbers Through Time: population-growth.htmlhttp:// population-growth.html

PBS Demography Interactive Links Earth In Peril: Human Footprint Maps: peril.htmlhttp:// peril.html

PBS Demography Interactive Links Global Trends Quiz: quiz.htmlhttp:// quiz.html Be a demographer: data.htmlhttp:// data.html