2 nd Semester Study Guide

Andrew Jackson (‘Old Hickory’) and the treatment of the Cherokee People

(5 W’s) Cherokee People (Trail of Tears) and Andrew Jackson  Andrew Jackson (‘Old Hickory’) (pages and )  Who: Frontiersman, soldier, frontier lawyer, peoples choice for president of the U.S. (he believed that the government should be controlled by ‘ordinary’ people.  When: 1824  Where: He was from the South.  What: Indian Removal Act – the eventual forcible removal of over 4000 Cherokee from their homes in the East (Georgia) and move West to the new Indian Territory. Many walked barefoot during the winter for hundreds of miles on a journey which became known as the Trail of Tears.  Why: To make room for white settlers in Georgia.  Cherokee People and the Trail of Tears (pages )  Who: Thousands of Cherokee who had lived and worked in Georgia for generations.  When:  Where: From Georgia (in the East) to the new Indian Territory (further west to Texas – map on page 266)  What: The Cherokee learned to speak and write English, printed newspapers, developed laws, and assimilated into ‘white’ culture to the best of their ability.  Why: President Andrew Jackson had them forcibly removed from their homes to Indian Territory to make room for white settlers.

Draw a map of U. S. expansion during the 1800’s: The Gadsden Purchase and the Mexican Cession (pages 279 and 290)

Map or Chart Lewis and Clark Expedition Routes (pages )

Gold Rush (1849) (page and 311)

American Gold Rush (pages and 311)  Who: The Forty-niners. They were gold seekers from all over the world.  When: 1849 (duh!)  Where: Northern California  What: Trying to make their fortune in gold or profit off gold seekers!  Why: Gold discovered!

Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin (page 358)

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin (page 358)  Who: Inventor of the Cotton Gin  When: 1793  Where: The South  What: This technology made the process of separating cotton fiber from the seeds quicker and easier than doing it by hand.  Why: This was an attempt to make the slaves lives easier. It did NOT make their lives easier! Rather, it caused cotton to become the most important crop in the South and made the institution of slavery more profitable than ever.

Differences between the Railroads in the North and South (page 364)

Differences Between Railroads in the North and South (page 364)  Notice that the railroad lines in the North connect to one another more than those in the South.  EQ: How might this difference have affected the growth of trade and industry in these two areas?

John Brown – the raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (pages 411 and )

John Brown (pages 411 and )  Who: Abolitionist  When: 1859 – just before the start of the Civil War  What: A failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion.  Why: Some say this event started the Civil War!

Abraham Lincoln – his “House Divided” speech (pages )  Before the Civil War, Lincoln had warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”  However, the nation did divide and people took sides, North or South.  For some, especially in the border states, the decision was a difficult and painful.  Not only was the nation divided, but many families were, too.

The Fugitive Slave Act (pages 408 and )  Who: Passed by Congress  When:1850 (11 years before the start of the Civil War  Where: The United States  What: A person arrested as a runaway slave had almost no legal rights. Also, any person who helped a slave escape, or even refused to help slave catchers, could be jailed.  Why: North and South continued to argue over the issue of slavery the South was angry that their ‘property’ was escaping to the free north. Northerners refused to support this law!

Harriet Tubman

The Underground Railroad (pages 384 and )  Who: Harriet Tubman, along with a whole secret network of free blacks and sympathetic whites provided transportation and ‘safe houses’ where runaway slaves could hide.  When: Between (approx.)  What: Helped runaway slaves escape to freedom.

Southern Secession from the Union’s Point-of-View (pages 416 and 423)  Who: Southern states withdrew from the United States after the election of Abraham Lincoln in  What: They formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America.  When: After the election of Abraham Lincoln and before the start of the Civil War.  Where: The American South beginning with South Carolina  Why: They did not want the federal government to interfere with their ability to govern their states (interfere with slavery).

The Gettysburg Address (page 431)

Gettysburg Address

General William T. Sherman (pages )  Who: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman  When: 1864  What: “Make Georgia howl!  Why: To inflict as much damage against Southern war resources as possible - especially in Atlanta, Georgia – the South’s most important rail and manufacturing center.

William T. Sherman (cont.)

W. T. Sherman’s – March to the Sea (cont.)

W.T. Sherman (cont.) Sherman’s Neckties

Total War (page 435)  Who: Commander of the Union Army and General William Tecumseh Sherman  When: 1864  What: War on the enemy’s will to fight and it’s ability to support an army. Sherman cut a path of destruction through Georgia 60 miles wide from Atlanta to Savannah.  Why: They hoped this strategy would end the war quickly!

Total War (cont.)

Fort Sumter (pages and 423)  Who: Confederate's attacked Fort Sumter off the coast of South Carolina  When: April 12, 1861  What: The official start of the Civil War  Why: Southern states had seceded and were angry that the Northern army would not leave “their” fort.