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Geographic Setting Geographic Setting The surface of the earth varies from place to place in terms of its physical features, climate, and resources. The people who inhabit our world vary as well.

Section 1-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Introduction Geographers are people who study the earth. They study the…  Geography is the study of the earth and of the ways people live and work on it.  –way places on the earth differ.  –ways people organize themselves and use the earth’s resources.  –location of places.  –complex relationships between people and their environments.

Section 1-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The absolute location of a place–its precise position on the globe–is an important part of their study.  To determine absolute location, geographers use a network of imaginary lines around the earth. The theme of location is concerned with the question “Where is it?”  Location

Section 1-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Equator is an important line that circles the earth midway between the North Pole and the South Pole, dividing the earth into hemispheres, or two halves.  Location (cont.) –The Northern Hemisphere includes all of the land and water between the Equator and the North Pole.  –The Southern Hemisphere includes all of the land and water between the Equator and the South Pole.

Map Supplement 1.1

Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Equator is measured at 0° latitude.  The Poles lie at latitudes 90° N (north) and 90° S (south). Lines of latitude, or parallels, circle the earth parallel to the Equator and measure the distance north or south of the Equator in degrees.  Latitude

Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Because the earth is tilted 23½° in its revolutions around the sun, two lines of latitude mark the limits of the areas–called tropics–on the earth that receive the most heat from the sun. These are:  Latitude (cont.) –the Tropic of Cancer located at 23½° N  –the Tropic of Capricorn at 23½° S

Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Lines of longitude measure distances east or west of the starting line, which lies at 0° longitude.  The starting line is called the Prime Meridian–the line of longitude that runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England.  Longitude is measured in degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian up to 180° in each direction. A second set of imaginary lines is called lines of longitude, or meridians.  Longitude

Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This makes it possible to find exact places on the earth’s surface.  By using degrees and minutes, people can find the precise point where one line of latitude crosses one line of longitude. The lines of latitude and longitude cross one another, forming a pattern called a grid system.  Absolute Location

Map Supplement 1.2

Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The relative location of people, places, and things helps you to orient yourself in space and to develop an awareness of the geography of the world. People tend to think of a place in relation to other places, or by its relative location, instead of its absolute location.  Relative Location

Map Supplement 1.3

Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Another important geographic theme, place is concerned with “What is it like there?” It can be described…  Place –in terms of its land, water, weather, soil, and plant and animal life.  –in terms of the number and kinds of people who live there.  –by the activities that take place there.

Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Human/Environment Interaction Geographers strive to understand the relationships of places on the earth to people and to other places.  Places attract people for various reasons. Human and environmental interaction answers the question “What is the relationship between people and their environment?” 

Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Human/Environment Interaction (cont.) Geographers are interested in how people adapt to, change, and create problems with their environment.

Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Movement Throughout history, groups have moved for different reasons–better land, religious freedom, a chance to earn a better living.  Geographers are also interested in the movement of goods, information, and ideas.  Nearly everywhere, people are interdependent, relying on each other for goods, services, and ideas. Movement relates to the question “How are people and places connected?” 

Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Region There are two basic types of regions:  Geographers often divide the world into regions, or areas, based on physical features, such as land type, plant and animal life, and human characteristics.  –A uniform region has boundaries determined by the distribution of some uniform characteristic.  –A functional region is an area that focuses on a central point with surrounding territory linked to that central point by arteries (roads, railroads) or by people’s wants and needs (jobs, shopping, entertainment).

Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Geography and Other Subjects Geographers analyze the patterns and relationships of each feature, linking these to other subjects. Geographers study both the physical and human features of the earth. 

Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Science and Technology Advanced technological tools, such as satellites, remote sensors, and computers, aid geographers.  Computer programs known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) process and organize the satellite images with other data collected through censuses, cartographers, and so on. Geographers observe, hypothesize, and collect data to prove or disprove their theories. 

Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. History and Political Science They use political science to help them see how people in different places are governed. Geographers use history to help them understand the way places looked in the past. 

Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Sociology and Anthropology They use anthropology to help them gain insights into the culture, or way of life, of people in different places. Geographers use sociology to help them understand societies throughout the world and the relationships between the physical environment and social structure. 

Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Economics Geographers are interested in how locations are chosen for various economic activities and the interdependence of people’s economic activities throughout the world. Geographers use economics to help them understand how the location of resources affects the way people make, transport, and use goods. 

Section 1-Assessment 1 What are the five themes of geography? The five themes of geography are: –location –place –human/environment interaction –movement –region Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-Assessment 2 Why do geographers use other fields of study? They use other fields of study to understand our world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Map Symbols Corresponding information can be found on page 11 of the textbook.

Key, Compass Rose, and Scale Corresponding information can be found on page 12 of the textbook.

Latitude and Longitude Corresponding information can be found on page 13 of the textbook.

Physical Map Corresponding information can be found on page 14 of the textbook.

Political Map Corresponding information can be found on page 14 of the textbook.

Natural Resource Map Corresponding information can be found on page 15 of the textbook.

From Globes to Maps Corresponding information can be found on page 16 of the textbook.

A Great Circle Route Corresponding information can be found on page 16 of the textbook.

Mercator Projection Corresponding information can be found on page 17 of the textbook.

Conic Projection Corresponding information can be found on page 17 of the textbook.

Azimuthal Projection Corresponding information can be found on page 18 of the textbook.

Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection Corresponding information can be found on page 18 of the textbook.

Robinson Projection Corresponding information can be found on page 19 of the textbook.

Gall-Peters Projection Corresponding information can be found on page 19 of the textbook.

Bar Graphs Corresponding information can be found on page 20 of the textbook.

Line Graphs Corresponding information can be found on page 20 of the textbook.

Circle Graphs Corresponding information can be found on page 21 of the textbook.

Pictographs Corresponding information can be found on page 21 of the textbook.

Charts and Tables Corresponding information can be found on page 22 of the textbook.

Diagrams Corresponding information can be found on page 22 of the textbook.

Summary 1 Section 1 Summary Geographers use themes to help them locate places and to understand relationships among places and between people and places.  Geographers also use information from the fields of history, political science, sociology, anthropology, and economics to help them understand the interactions of people with their environments. The five themes of location, place, human/ environment interaction, movement, and region are important to the study of geography.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Assessment (6) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. 1.North America 2.South America 3.Africa 4.Asia 5.Europe Match the letters on the map with the places and physical features of the earth. 6.Australia 7.Antarctica 8.Indian Ocean 9.Atlantic Ocean 10.Pacific Ocean

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