SECOND EDITION You May Ask Yourself Dalton Conley An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Chapter 6 Social Control and Deviance

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. What Is Social Deviance? Social deviance is any transgression of socially established norms. –Minor transgressions of these norms can be described as informal deviance. –Formal deviance or crime involves the violation of laws. 2

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Social cohesion refers to the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basis. 3

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Émile Durkheim theorized that social cohesion is established either through: mechanical solidarity — based on the sameness of society’s parts or members, or organic solidarity — based on the interdependence of specialized parts or members. 4

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Punitive justice is focused on making the violator suffer and thus defining the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Rehabilitative justice examines the specific circumstances of an individual transgressor and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her. 5

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Social control is the set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals. Normative compliance is the act of abiding by society’s norms or simply following the rules of group life. 6

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Informal social sanctions: –are unspoken rules and expectations about people’s behavior. –help maintain a base level of order and cohesion in society and form a foundation for formal social control. 7

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Examples of formal social control include laws and the authority of police officers. 8

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Interview, Victor Rios 9 Victor Rios discusses his research on gangs and the policing of black and Latino boys. Deviance and Social Control

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Interview, Victor Rios 10 Victor Rios discusses how opportunities helped him "make it out of the ghetto” Deviance and Social Control

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Deviance and Social Control Robert Merton’s strain theory argues that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals. 11

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Strain Theory Conformists accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Innovators accept the goals of the society, but they look for new, or innovative, ways of achieving those goals Strain Theory

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Ritualists aren’t interested in the goals of the society, but they do accept the means of achieving those goals. Strain Theory

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Retreatists don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals. Strain Theory

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Rebels don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means. Strain Theory

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Symbolic interactionists take a micro view of society, examining the beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions to find the causes or explanations for deviance. 17

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Labeling theory –People see how they are labeled and accept the label as being “true.” –People behave the way that they think someone with their label should behave. 18

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Primary deviance: –the first act of rule breaking, which may result in the rule breaker being labeled “deviant” and thus influence how people think about and act toward him or her. Secondary deviance: –refers to acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of a person’s new, deviant label. 19

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Stigma –negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person; also changes that person’s self- concept and social identity –has serious consequences in terms of the opportunities made available – or rather, not made available – to people in a stigmatized group 20

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Broken window theory of deviance (Philip Zimbardo): –explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act –People who wouldn’t exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior seems more permissible. 21

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Crime street crime — refers to crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty white-collar crime — committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business corporate crime — type of white- collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company 22

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Crime It can be difficult to measure crime rates over time for a variety of reasons, including: –changes in how crimes are defined. –fluctuations in whether people report crimes. –in the case of murders, improvements in medical technology. 23

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Crime Reduction Deterrence theory is a philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits. 24

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Crime Reduction Recidivism occurs when a person who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior. 25

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Interview, Devah Pager 26 Devah Pager discusses her field experiments, racism, and the stigma men with a criminal record face when they're on the job market. Crime Reduction

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Crime Reduction Since the 1970s, there has been a change from a more rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one in the United States. This is evidenced by historically high rates of incarceration. 27

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Concept Quiz 1. Informal social sanctions are ______. a)enforced by overt punishments b)understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed c)established through discussion and consensus of the group d)too weak to have any effect on deviance 28

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Concept Quiz 2. Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a)paying for a meal in a restaurant with pennies, nickels, and dimes b)telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn’t like the main dish c)dyeing one’s hair purple and orange d)all of the above e)none of the above 29

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Concept Quiz 3. Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative justice? a)attending parenting classes while in prison b)mandatory monthly drug tests for five years after being paroled on a drug offense c)entering a work-training program after being released from prison d)losing the right to vote after a felony conviction e)both A and C f)both B and D 30

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Concept Quiz 4. Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? a)crime rates and penal codes b)formal and informal social sanctions c)economic opportunities and crime rates d)recidivism and rehabilitative justice 31

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Concept Quiz 5. _______ refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business. a)Primary deviance b)Corporate crime c)Secondary deviance d)White-collar crime 32

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Discussion Questions 1. How many tattoos do you have? a)zero b)one c)two d)three e)four or more 33

© 2011 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. Discussion Questions 2. Have you or a member of your immediate family ever been arrested? a)yes b)no c)I don’t wish to respond. 3. Have you, or a member of your immediate family, ever been in rehabilitation? a)yes b)no c)I don’t wish to respond. 34

This New York City street poster refers to oppressive surveillance in George Orwell’s novel What are the social consequences of this sort of social control? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Victor Rios, author of Punished. To see my interview with Rios, visit wwnorton.com/studyspace. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Social norms and the punishments for violating them change over time and from place to place. Whether it was executing women as witches in the seventeenth century, enforcing Jim Crow laws in the segregated South, or prosecuting Lawrence and Garner for engaging in a same-sex relationship, our definitions of what constitutes deviance change. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Farmers in premodern society would not have struggled to relate to one another; this sense of sameness is an example of mechanical solidarity. In contrast, workers with specialized tasks in the industrial and postindustrial economy are so specialized that it leads to organic solidarity. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A crowd marches two women accused of collaborating with the Nazis through the streets of Paris in summer The mob ripped the women’s clothes, then painted swastikas on their shorn heads in order to punish them. How is this an example of a mechanical social sanction? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Eric Todaro (left) and Richard Grooms, inmates at a state penitentiary in Oregon, work on a General Education Diploma test. According to Durkheim, why would prisons provide educational programs and other rehabilitative tools? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881) You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 6.1 A Normative Theory of Suicide You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A Japanese man performs hara-kiri in this staged photograph from the 1880s. What makes this action altruistic suicide? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company InnovatorRetreatistRebel RitualistConformist Which type are you? Do you follow socially accepted means and goals? You’re a conformist. Doing the bare minimum? You’re probably a ritualist. If you’re like WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers and want to earn big rewards but have few scruples about how you reach them, you’re an innovator. You’re a retreatist if you reject all means and goals of society. You’re a rebel, like Che Guevara, if you not only reject social means and goals but also want to destroy society itself.

How did Howard Becker apply labeling theory to the use of marijuana? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

In experiments such as David L. Rosenhan’s or films like Shock Corridor (above), people with no history of mental illness are admitted into psychiatric hospitals. These examples raise questions about the stickiness of labels. What are some of the consequences of being labeled a deviant? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Philip Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

This Iraqi detainee in Abu Ghraib prison was hooked up to wires after soldiers made him stand on a box. How can Zimbardo’s experiments help us understand the torture at Abu Ghraib? You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Devah Pager, author of Marked. To see my interview with Pager, go to wwnorton.com/studyspace. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

People inspect an abandoned car in the South Bronx. Zimbardo placed this car in New York City and left another near Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. The car near Stanford went untouched for days, but the car pictured above was relieved of its hubcaps and other parts almost immediately. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Bernie Madoff You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 6.2 Total U.S. Violent Crime Rate, 1960–2008 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 6.3 Homicide Victimization Rate, 1950–2008 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 6.4 National Recidivism Rates for Prisoners Released in 1983 and 1994 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A surveillance camera map from the iSee project. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A 2003 performance by the Surveillance Camera Players in Times Square. They are trying to raise awareness of the density of public and private surveillance cameras. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

This map of Brooklyn, New York, shows the density of prison admissions in You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Inmates in an Arizona jail. The local sheriff requires all of the county’s inmates to work seven days a week. They are fed only twice a day, are denied recreation, and receive no coffee, cigarettes, salt, pepper, or ketchup. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The execution of Robert Francois Damiens, a French servant who attempted to assassinate King Louis XV at Versailles in You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The Stateville Penitentiary was built along the principles of Bentham’s panopticon, a model for a prison in which inmates would always be visible. You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 6.5 Size of Death Row Population since 1973 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Figure 6.6 Number of Executions and Race of Prisoners Executed, 1976–2009 You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint Presentation for For more learning resources, please visit our online StudySpace at: Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance 63