Plant Kingdom Organisms that are multi-cellular, autotrophic, and sexually reproducing.

Origin of Plants First land dwelling plants were those of non-vascular nature. That is that they grew low to the ground without the need for vascular tissue. Primitive plants are said to have originated from aquatic algae.

How to survive and expand 3 keys for plants to survive on land 1.) have the ability to absorb nutrients from surroundings 2.) prevent their bodies from drying out 3.) reproduce without the use of water to transmit reproductive cells

Mycorrhizae/Absorbing Nutrients Relationship between early plants and fungi to allow plants the ability to absorb nutrients from their surroundings. Rocks were the main surroundings. 80% of plants today still form mycorrhizae.

Preventing Water loss Cuticle- waxy coating to allow plants to keep water in and not have the sun rays burn the plant up. Slows down transpiration rates. Stoma- allows the release of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide prevented by the cuticle. Controlled by guard cells

Reproducing Aquatic sperm from plants would travel through water to fertilize eggs. Land plant sperm are carried in pollen to avoid drying out and can be carried by wind or animals as they evolved

As plants become more complex Conducting material- vascular tissue allowed plants to become larger and more complex. Xylem and phloem bring water and nutrients around the body of a plant. Nonvascular plants use diffusion and osmosis to move nutrients and minerals around

Seed development 2 nd best adaptation after vascular tissue 1.) Protection-seed coat avoids seeds from drying out 2.) Nourishment-nourish is supplied in the seed to allow for initial growth 3.) Plant Dispersal-structures provide for flight, floating, or getting carried. 4.) Delayed growth- growth will be delayed until conditions are favorable for survival.

Flowers Allow for reproduction to be more efficient. Non-flowering plants had to produce tremendous amounts of pollen for pollination to become successful. Inefficient Flowering plants produce lees pollen and attract pollinators to aid in the process. Very Efficient

Non-Vascular Plants Small in size- all nutrients are moved by diffusion and osmosis which limits distance. Larger Gametophyte-the reproducing structure is more noticeable than that of a sporophyte. Require water for reproduction-limits where they can live. Sperm cannot swim to neighboring gametophytes without it.

Types of Non-Vascular Plants Mosses- do contain cuticles, stomas, and simple conducting cells. Liverworts-Have no cuticle, stomas or conducting cells. Hornworts-No conducting cells but does contain cuticle and stoma

Seedless Vascular Plants Cooksonia-oldest known vascular plant 1.) Vascular system-contain xylem and phloem and can grow much larger than non-vascular plants. True roots, stems and leaves present. 2.) Larger sporophytes-being bigger than gametophytes allos for wind to carry away spores 3.) Drought resistant spores-allow for plants to live in drier climates away from water

Types of Seedless vascular plants Ferns-MOST COMMON SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANT. Club Moss-unlike other moss, this moss contains true roots, stems and leaves. Horsetails-scale-like leaves grow and each joint Whisk ferns-highly branched stems but no leaves or roots

Gymnosperms Gymnos-means “naked” spema-means “seed” Seed are not contained in a sealed container or fruit Seeds allow for greater distance from parent plant and gametophytes are much smaller(two types:male and female) Wind pollination-no more water is needed

Types of Gymnosperms Conifers-needle like leaves to conserve water. Most successful gymnosperm! Cycads-short stems and palm leaves. Ginkgo-fan shaped leaves.male and female gametophyte develop on different trees Gnetophytes-develop seeds in cones that resemble a flower

Angiosperms Angeion meaning “case” and sperma meaning “seed” Seed is encased in a structure called a fruit. Male and female gametophytes develop in a flower which make pollination more efficient than cones or spores of all the other types of plants

Angiosperms continued Fruits do proved some protection for the seed, but are primarily needed for seed dispersal. Fruits get eaten, or float, and can also be carried by wind. Endosperm- stored food for the seed that is used by the embryo for development of the plant during primary growth.

Types of Angiosperms Monocots- seed produces one seed leaf(cotyledon). Leaves contain parallel veins and the flower parts are in multiples of 3’s. Dicots-produce 2 seed leaves(cotyledons) Leaf veins are branching Flower parts are in multiples of 2, 4 or 5’s

Plant Uses Food Use- 1.) Fruits and vegetables-vitamins and minerals 2.) Root Crops- underground growth/high calorie 3.) Legumes-Protein enrich peas or beans 4.) Cereals-produce dry fruit called grains 5.) Wheat-ground to flour to make pasta or bread 6.) Corn-top crop for people or livestock in US 7.) Rice-feed over ½ of the people in the world

Other Plant Uses Wood-building, heating, fuel, and paper Medicines-pain relief to cancer fighting agents. Fibers-paper, clothes and rope. Cotton is the World’s #1 plant fiber.