The Enlightenment Chapter 2 Section 2

The Enlightenment and the Philosophes 1. Beginnings of Enlightenment 1. Beginnings of Enlightenment France 1600s France 1600s A. Philosophes A. Philosophes Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment thinkers Writers, professors, journalists, and social reformers Writers, professors, journalists, and social reformers B. Logic and Reason B. Logic and Reason Solve society’s problems in life and government Solve society’s problems in life and government

2. Voltaire 2. Voltaire In France, wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, essays, and histories A. Prison Insulted a French Noble Released only when he agreed to go to England B. England Liked England’s freedom of speech Wrote Candide, which he compared England to France and attacked the French gov’t C. Deism Belief that God does not interfere with mankind Earth is a machine, which runs on natural laws that God created

3. Montesquieu 3. Montesquieu First political scientist First political scientist A. Spirit of the Laws A. Spirit of the Laws Identified 3 Basic governments Identified 3 Basic governments 1) Republics: for small states 1) Republics: for small states 2) Despotism: for large states 2) Despotism: for large states 3) Monarchies for moderate-sized states 3) Monarchies for moderate-sized states B. Branches of gov’t B. Branches of gov’t 1) Executive-the King 1) Executive-the King 2) Legislative-Parliament 2) Legislative-Parliament 3) Judicial-Law Courts 3) Judicial-Law Courts C. Checks and balances C. Checks and balances 1) each branch holds the others in check 1) each branch holds the others in check

4. Rousseau 4. Rousseau A. The Social Contract People created government to protect their property All people agree to be governed by the general will

5. John Locke 5. John Locke A. Natural Rights A. Natural Rights Everyone is born with 3 natural rights Everyone is born with 3 natural rights 1) Life 1) Life 2) Liberty 2) Liberty 3) Pursuit of Property 3) Pursuit of Property B. Revolution B. Revolution If a gov’t ever took away these rights, people have a right to rebel If a gov’t ever took away these rights, people have a right to rebel

Toward a New Science 1. The Scientific Method 1. The Scientific Method A. could be used to study society A. could be used to study society B. Created new fields of study B. Created new fields of study 1) Economics and political science 1) Economics and political science C. Physiocrats C. Physiocrats First economists First economists Thought that the government should not control the economy Thought that the government should not control the economy

2. Adam Smith 2. Adam Smith A. The Wealth of Nations A. The Wealth of Nations Argued that the gov’t should not try to control the economy Argued that the gov’t should not try to control the economy B. Supply and demand B. Supply and demand C. 3 Roles of gov’t C. 3 Roles of gov’t 1) Protect society 1) Protect society 2) Keep up public works 2) Keep up public works 3) Defend from injustice 3) Defend from injustice

3. Cesare Beccaria 3. Cesare Beccaria A. Crime and Punishment Extreme punishment thought to deter crime B. Beccaria’s thoughts on punishment Thought gov’t was hypocritical Punishment for murder=execution

Spread of Enlightenment 1. Literacy 1. Literacy More people are literate in the 1700s More people are literate in the 1700s A. Denis Diderot A. Denis Diderot Published the first major encylopedia Published the first major encylopedia Helped spread Enlightenment ideas Helped spread Enlightenment ideas B. Newspapers and magazines in publication B. Newspapers and magazines in publication C. Salons C. Salons Elegant rooms in wealthy houses where people gathered to discuss ideas Elegant rooms in wealthy houses where people gathered to discuss ideas

2. Women and the Enlightenment 2. Women and the Enlightenment A. Hosed Salon meetings A. Hosed Salon meetings Many intellectuals thought women intellectually inferior Many intellectuals thought women intellectually inferior B. Mary Wollstonecraft B. Mary Wollstonecraft Argued that women have natural rights as well Argued that women have natural rights as well 3. Enlightenment in America 3. Enlightenment in America A. All these ideas will spread to America and influence the American revolution A. All these ideas will spread to America and influence the American revolution