Structural Organization Chemical Chemical Cellular Cellular Tissue Tissue Organ Organ System System Organism Organism Organization of Human Body

The Body Systems I. Integumentary II. Skeletal III. Muscular IV. Digestive V. Cardiovascular VI. Lymphatic VII. Respiratory VIII. Nervous IX. Endocrine X. Urinary XI. Reproductive (male & female)

Anatomy The science which deals with the study of the structure and shape of the body; and body parts, and their relationships to one another The science which deals with the study of the structure and shape of the body; and body parts, and their relationships to one another Gross Anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye Gross Anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye Microscopic Anatomy: Study of fine structure (cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope Microscopic Anatomy: Study of fine structure (cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology) Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology) Radiological Anatomy Radiological Anatomy Cross-sectional Anatomy Cross-sectional Anatomy Applied Anatomy Applied Anatomy Surgical Anatomy Surgical Anatomy

The Language of Anatomy To prevent misunderstanding, a special set of terms are used to describe the identification and location of body structures To prevent misunderstanding, a special set of terms are used to describe the identification and location of body structures To accurately describe body parts, the body is in a standard position called the To accurately describe body parts, the body is in a standard position called the Anatomical Position Anatomical Position

The Anatomical Position The body is erect The feet parallel The arms hanging by the side The palms facing forward

Anatomical Terminology Regional Terms: Regional Terms:  Cranial  Cervical  Thoracic  Abdominal  Pelvic  Planter  Palmer

Directional Terms: Directional Terms:  Superior / Inferior (Cranial, (Cephalic) / Caudal)  Anterior / Posterior (Ventral / Dorsal)

 Median / Medial / Lateral / Intermediate  Proximal / Distal  Superficial / Deep  External / Internal

Terms of Movement Flexion XExtension increasing angle with frontal plane decreasing angle with frontal plane Abduction XAdduction moving away from or toward the sagittal plane Protraction XRetraction moving forward or backward along a surface Elevation XDepressionraising or lowering a structure Medial rotation X Lateral rotation movement around an axis of a bone Pronation XSupination placing palm backward or forward (in anatomical position) Circumduction combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial & lateral rotation Opposition bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up Opposite of above movement

Abdominopelvic regions The Abdominopelvic area is divided into 9 regions by 2 vertical & 2 horizontal lines or planes Objective: To locate the different organs in each region

Body Planes & Sections To look at the internal structures, the body is cut into sections To look at the internal structures, the body is cut into sections Sections are made along imaginary lines called planes Sections are made along imaginary lines called planes There are three type of sections or planes that lie at right angle to one another: There are three type of sections or planes that lie at right angle to one another:  Sagittal Section  Frontal Section  Transverse Section

Sagittal Section A cut made along a longitudinal plane A cut made along a longitudinal plane Divides the body into right and left parts Divides the body into right and left parts If the plane passes through the midline of the body, the right and left halves are equal and it is called a midsagittal or median section If the plane passes through the midline of the body, the right and left halves are equal and it is called a midsagittal or median section

Frontal Section A cut made along a longitudinal plane A cut made along a longitudinal plane Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts It is also called a coronal section It is also called a coronal section

Transverse Section A cut made along a horizontal plane A cut made along a horizontal plane Divides the body into superior and inferior parts Divides the body into superior and inferior parts It is also called a cross section It is also called a cross section

Body Cavities The body has two sets of internal cavities that lodge and protect the organs. The body has two sets of internal cavities that lodge and protect the organs. These are: These are:  Dorsal body cavity  Ventral body cavity

Dorsal Body Cavity Has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each other: Has two subdivisions, which are continuous with each other:  Cranial cavity: space inside the bony skull, contains brain  Spinal cavity: space inside the vertebral column, contains spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity Has two subdivisions, which are separated from each other by the diaphragm. Has two subdivisions, which are separated from each other by the diaphragm.  Thoracic cavity: lies superior to diaphragm, contains heart and lungs  Abdominopelvic cavity: lies below the diaphragm, contains stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, liver, reproductive organs, rectum, etc.

Skeletal System Includes:  Bones  Joints (articulations)

 Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax (ribs & sternum) Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton  Bones of upper limb  Bones of lower limb  Shoulder & pelvic girdles

Bones  Classification  Structure  Functions

Bone Bone is the hardest materials in the body Bone is the hardest materials in the body Although relatively lighter in weight, bone shows a remarkable ability to resist tension and other forces acting on it Although relatively lighter in weight, bone shows a remarkable ability to resist tension and other forces acting on it The calcium salts deposited in its matrix give bone its hardness and the collagen fibers provide it the flexibility and great tensile strength The calcium salts deposited in its matrix give bone its hardness and the collagen fibers provide it the flexibility and great tensile strength

Functions of Bones/Skeleton 1. Support: of the body organs 2. Protection: of soft body organs 3. Attachment of muscles 4. Movement: of the body as a whole, or of the body parts 5. Storage: of fat & minerals e.g. calcium and phosphorus 6. Formation of blood cell

Classification of Bones Bones are classified on the bases of their: Shape Shape Structure Structure Development Development

Classification of Bones Based on the Shape Long bones are typically longer than they are wide. They have a shaft with heads at both ends e.g. bones of the limbs except wrist and ankle bones Long bones are typically longer than they are wide. They have a shaft with heads at both ends e.g. bones of the limbs except wrist and ankle bones Short bones are generally cube shaped e.g. bones of the wrist and ankle Short bones are generally cube shaped e.g. bones of the wrist and ankle

Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved e.g. bones of the skull, ribs, sternum Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved e.g. bones of the skull, ribs, sternum Irregular bones are irregular e.g. vertebrae Irregular bones are irregular e.g. vertebrae

Classification of Bones Based on the Structure Compact bone is dense and looks smooth and homogenous. It is found in the outer part of the long bones and flat bones Compact bone is dense and looks smooth and homogenous. It is found in the outer part of the long bones and flat bones Cancellous (Spongy) bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lot of open spaces. It looks like a sponge. It is found in the short bones and in the heads of the long bones Cancellous (Spongy) bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lot of open spaces. It looks like a sponge. It is found in the short bones and in the heads of the long bones

Classification of Bones Based on the Development Membrane bones that are developed in a membranous model (membrane-bone) e.g. skull bones Membrane bones that are developed in a membranous model (membrane-bone) e.g. skull bones Cartilage bones that are developed in a cartilagenous model (membrane-cartilage- bone) e.g. bones of the limbs Cartilage bones that are developed in a cartilagenous model (membrane-cartilage- bone) e.g. bones of the limbs

Gross Structure of a Long Bone  Each long bone has: A shaft called the ‘diaphysis’. A shaft called the ‘diaphysis’. Two ends called the ‘epiphyses’ Two ends called the ‘epiphyses’ The region at the junction of diaphysis and epiphysis is called ‘metaphysis’ The region at the junction of diaphysis and epiphysis is called ‘metaphysis’

The Diaphysis (Shaft) It is composed of compact bone It is composed of compact bone Is covered on its external surface by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum. Is covered on its external surface by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum. It has a cavity called the marrow cavity. In adults, the marrow cavity is a storage area for fat and contains yellow marrow. In infants, it contains red marrow and is the site of blood cells formation It has a cavity called the marrow cavity. In adults, the marrow cavity is a storage area for fat and contains yellow marrow. In infants, it contains red marrow and is the site of blood cells formation

The Epiphyses Each epiphysis is composed of spongy bone, lined by a thin layer of compact bone. Each epiphysis is composed of spongy bone, lined by a thin layer of compact bone. Its external surface is covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage Its external surface is covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage Articular cartilage provides smooth slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces Articular cartilage provides smooth slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces

The Metaphysis It contains a thin plate of cartilage called the epipyseal plate (disc) It contains a thin plate of cartilage called the epipyseal plate (disc) Epiphyseal plate is responsible for the lengthwise growth of the long bones. Epiphyseal plate is responsible for the lengthwise growth of the long bones.

Role of Periosteum Protects the bone Protects the bone Gives attachment to muscles Gives attachment to muscles Carries blood vessels and nerves to bone Carries blood vessels and nerves to bone Deposits new bone on the surface thus increases the girth of bone Deposits new bone on the surface thus increases the girth of bone