Chapter 3 Migration content/uploads/2007/12/great-migration-chicago.jpg

Total Population Growth- Natural Increase Plus Migration We’ve looked at natural increase of population 60/visualizing-how-a-population-grows- to-7-billionhttp:// 60/visualizing-how-a-population-grows- to-7-billion Let’s look at migration’s impact

Migration Migration is the movement of people from one place to another –Permanent relocation –Relocation diffusion

Migration The ecumene of the earth has increased dramatically in the past 7000 years because people have migrated to new regions Geographers look at where people migrate from, where they migrate to, and why they migrate

Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 BC - AD 1900 Fig. 2-3: The ecumene, or the portion of the earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

Ecumene, 5000 B.C.

Ecumene, A.D. 1

Ecumene, A.D.1500

Ecumene, A.D.1900

Emigration vs. Immigration Emigration is migration from a location Immigration is migration to a location The different between the number of immigrants and emigrants is called net migration (If the number of immigrants exceeds emigrants, a place has net in-migration) (If the number of emigrants exceeds immigrants, a place has net out- migration)

Migration Migration is a form of mobility- all types of movements from one place to another Circulation mobility is movement that includes short movements, done repetitively or cyclically (daily, monthly, annually) like going to work Seasonal mobility is movement that includes generally longer movements done for a certain length of time like going to college. Migrations are generally longer and permanent

Migration and Globalization Time-space convergence has increased because of better communication and transportation- we no longer need people to physically move to spread ideas, but it still happens Why do people move? Place is still important- for jobs, resources, identity

Migration and Globalization Moving spreads ideas- increasing globalization People often move to locations with people similar to themselves, however, so local diversity still has an impact

Why People Migrate Reasons for migrating –Push & pull factors Economic Cultural Environmental – Intervening obstacles Distance of migration –Internal migration –International migration Characteristics of migrants –Gender –Family status

Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate? Push factors –This is when a person leaves because they want to or have to leave an area for some reason (it pushes them out) Pull factors –This is when a person is convinced to move somewhere for something the place has to offer (it pulls them in)

Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate? Often push and pull factors play a role People have reasons for wanting to leave an area and reasons for wanting to move to a different area There are three main types of push/pull factors: –Economic, Cultural, and/or Environmental

Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate? Push Factor: something that induces people to move out of their present location (it pushes them out) Pull Factor: something that induces people to move to a new location (it pulls them toward it)

Key Issue 1: Why do people migrate? Often push and pull factors play a role People view their former location negatively enough to leave for some reason or another and view another place positively enough to go to it

Economic Push/Pull The reason most people migrate is economics People emigrate from places with few job opportunities/resources/bad economy People immigrate to place with job opportunities /resources/good economy Think of the Cuidad Jaurez/ El Paso video

Ellis Island Immigration

Cultural Push/Pull Cultural factors often force emigration (people to leave a location) Forced migration often occurs because of either slavery or political instability The slave trade of the 1600s-1800s forced millions of Africans from Africa Indian independence from Britain in 1947 led the Hindus to migrate to India and the Muslims to migrate to Pakistan

Cultural Push/Pull Refugees are people have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution They have no home until another country agrees to allow them in IN 2005, 33 million people were4 counted as refugees Palestinians and Afghans are the two largest groups of international refugees Palestinians left Israel after it was created in 1948, and Afghans were displaced by Civil War

Refugees: Sources & Destinations Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

Flow Data on Refugees 1980s to Present refugees-come-from/

Cultural Push/Pull Factors Sudanese in Africa and the Columbians in South America are the two largest groups of internal refugees In the Sudan, a civil war has displaced millions In Columbia, drug lord battles with the government and guerrillas fighting for reform have displaced millions Congo, Iraq, and Uganda also have millions

Environmental Push/Pull Factors People are pulled toward nice climates, good resources, and attractive places to live People are pushed from hazardous regions These factors can change over time- a place can get better or worse and times change Before the modern time-space convergence, rural areas were much less attractive, but now much more because people can stay connected

Dust Bowl Migration

Environmental Push/Pull Factors Florida is a warm climate and a common destination for retired Americans People with tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic conditions are often attracted to dry, desert climates like Arizona A volcanic eruption might push people from a region A devastating earthquake, like the one in Haiti in 2010, might push people out of a region Flooding along the Mississippi might get many to move to different regions of higher ground

Hurricane Katrina Migrants A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

Combinations Most moves are a combination of several factors During the Great Depression, environmental changes in the Great Plains turned farmlands to a dust bowl, which caused many to leave, and many people could not economically survive in the region during that time so they relocated like the family in The Grapes of Wrath

Scene from The Grapes of Wrath The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

Migration Patterns Global migration patterns U.S. immigration patterns –Colonial immigration –19th-century immigration –Recent immigration Impact of immigration on the U.S. –Legacy of European migration –Undocumented immigration –Destination of immigrants within the U.S.

Intervening Obstacles Migrants don’t always get to choose their first choice of where to go The reason why might be an intervening obstacles, which is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration This could be the difficulty of traveling to a region (especially prior to the transportation revolution of the 1800s- modern day)

Distance of Migration Ravenstein came up with two theories about migration: –Most migrants relocate a short distance from their original location in the same country –Long-distance migrants to other countries generally are drawn to major centers of economic activity

Distance of Migration International migration- permanent movement from one country to another Internal migration is permanent movement within the same country Distance decay is true here too- the farther away a location, the less likely people will go there Internal is also more likely- less traumatic and different

International Migration Voluntary migration- a migrant chose to move Forced migration- a migrant is forced to move Wilbur Zelinsky identified a migration transition which has similar stages or changes to demographic transition

Zelinsky’s Idea International migration is mostly a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of demographic transition Internal migration is more common in countries in stage 3 and 4, but people in stage 3s often try to go to stage 4s Societies in stage 3 or 4 are often destinations of immigrants from stage 2 countries

Characteristics of Migrants Ravenstein’s stereotypes: –Most long distance migrants are male –Most long distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families w/ children

Characteristics of Migrants Males are more common (particularly before the 20 th century when men worked outside the home more than women) worldwide But in the US, women now constitute 55% of immigrants to the US Most immigrants are still adults In the US, the number of children and families is rising Most are working class

Characteristics of Migrants Males are more common (particularly before the 20 th century when men worked outside the home more than women) worldwide But in the US, women now constitute 55% of immigrants to the US Most immigrants are still adults In the US, the number of children and families is rising

Mexican Immigration to the US About 50/50 sex ratio More kids- 16% are kids Most are not from border states in Mexico (as distance decay would suggest) because those areas tends to have more cross-over trade and jobs (maquiladoras)

Activity Which of the fifty states would you most want to live in and why Which of the fifty states would you least want to live in and why Would you rather live in another country altogether? Why? If another country is your answer, which one?