THE HOLOCAUST US History II

Friday, January 7 DO NOW Complete Do Now Handout Today's Agenda 1.DO NOW assignment 2.Holocaust Lecture 3.Genocide Gallery Walk 4.S.C.R Today's Objective SWBAT identify the major causes, events, effects, and consequences of the Holocaust in order to compare U.S. intervention in the Holocaust to other genocides.

The Persecution Begins April 1933 – Shortly after Hitler takes power in Germany, he orders all “non- Aryans” to be removed from government jobs.

The Persecution Begins This order is the first in a campaign for racial purity that eventually led to the Holocaust – the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews.

Scapegoats… Jews were not the only victims of the Holocaust, but were the center of Nazis’ targets. Germans needed a scapegoat (someone who is made to bear the blame of others) as a cause of their economic problems and defeat in World War I.

Scapegoats… Long history of Anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews, in Europe (particularly Germany), leads Hitler to use them as the perfect group to place the blame.

Nuremberg Laws Nuremberg laws issued in September 1935 restricted future German citizenship to those of “German or kindred blood,” and excluded those deemed to be “racially” Jewish or Roma (Gypsy). The laws prohibited marriage and sexual relation-ships between Jews and non-Jews.

An instructional chart distinguishes individuals with pure “German blood” (left column), “Mixed blood” (second and third columns), and Jews (right two columns), as defined in the Nuremberg Laws. NAZI RACE LAWS

“Kristallnacht” November 9 & 10, 1938 “Night of Broken Glass” Nazi storm troopers attack Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues Nazi’s later blame Jews for the destruction “Jewish shop windows were systematically smashed… The main streets of the city were a positive litter of shattered plate glass” – An American witness

Jewish Refugees Nazi’s attempt to speed up Jewish emigration following Kristallnacht, but had trouble finding countries to accept them. Many countries put limit on number of Jewish refugees. – Included France, Britain, Palestine (later Israel), United States

Jewish Refugees 100,000 Jewish refugees that were considered “persons of exceptional merit” were allowed into the United States. – Included physicist Albert Einstein (became a resident of New Jersey)

The St. Louis, May 1939 “Official Indifference” – Ship sailed passing Miami, Florida, but was forced to return to Europe by the US Coast Guard, even though most had US immigration papers. More than ½ the passengers were later killed in the Holocaust.

Hitler’s “Final Solution” Having occupied most of continental Europe, and obsessed with a desire to rid Europe of its Jews, Hitler imposed what he called the “Final Solution” – an official policy of genocide. Genocide – the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population.

The Condemned First – eliminated political opponents: – Communists, Socialists, liberals, anyone speaking out against the government Other than Jews, begin to target anyone who jeopardized purity of the “Master Race:” – Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Catholics, Mentally Deficient, Mentally Ill, Physically Disabled, Incurably Ill… Began with Hitler Elite “Security Squadrons” – SS – Rounded up Jews and shot them on the spot.

Forced Relocation Ordered into ghettos – segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities, sealed off with barbed wire and stone walls.

Jews not reached by killing squads were finally forced into concentration camps, or labor camps. Worked from dawn till dusk every day with limited food until they collapsed. Those too weak to work were then killed.

The Final Stage Early 1942 – Hitler’s top officials meet – Agree to “new phase” of mass murder In addition to mass slaughter and starvation, added third method – Poison Gas 6 death camps are created in Poland – Created to speed up extermination – Each camp had several huge gas chambers, killing up to 12,000 people per day.

In response to the Holocaust, the international community worked to create safeguards to prevent future genocides. GENOCIDE DID NOT END WITH THE HOLOCAUST

The United Nations in 1948 voted to establish genocide as an international crime, calling it an “odious scourge” to be condemned by the civilized world. GENOCIDE DID NOT END WITH THE HOLOCAUST

Despite this effort, genocide has continued, and it continues to threaten parts of the world even today. GENOCIDE DID NOT END WITH THE HOLOCAUST

Refugees from the 2003–2005 genocide in Darfur, Sudan, above, struggle to survive after being displaced from their villages. GENOCIDE DID NOT END WITH THE HOLOCAUST