Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.. Aristotle 2000 years ago – only 1000 or so organisms had been “discovered” Classification system developed.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The science of naming organisms.
Advertisements

Classification. Over 2 million species of organisms have been found and named Thousands of new species are being discovered each year There may be as.
Classification CP Biology.
Classification History
Classification of Organisms. Categories of Biological Classification Scientists Assign Organisms Two-Word Names 2,000 yrs ago, Aristotle grouped plants.
How do we “classify” living organisms.  Classification: the systematic grouping of organisms based on common characteristics  Taxonomy: the science.
Chapter 20 Classification Review. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species The discipline of systematics classifies.
Sort candy into groups write down how you sorted the candy Student A is the scribe and will write down how the pair sorted the candy Student B is the.
Bell Ringer How do we organize the different groups for living things?
HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Unit 4 1. Chapter 16 Primate Evolution 2.
Chapter 18 Classification. Taxonomy - the science of classifying organisms and giving them a universally accepted name.
Evolution Notes Chapter 2: Taxonomy and Classification 4/30/14.
The Diversity of Living Things An Introduction. How many species exist on Earth? Estimated = 8.7 million Actual number identified by scientists = 2 million.
Classification.
Ch. 18 Classification Systems Classification in biology, is the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system. The vast numbers.
Taxonomy and Classification Honors Biology and Systematics 16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and Archaea Protists 17.1 Plants Fungi 18.1.
Chapter 2 Classification Life Over Time. What is Classification?  All Living Things are classified –Classification means to arrange organisms into groups.
Taxonomy “The Study of Classification”. What do you think?  What does classification mean?  Why is classification important?  When do we use classification.
1 Classification 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that.
17.1 THE HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomy What’s in a name? 1. Taxonomy  The science of classifying and naming organisms 2.
TOPIC: Classification AIM: What is classification?
Taxonomy – how organisms are grouped
Classification. Taxonomy: branch of biology that groups organisms based on the presence of similar characteristics Taxonomist: scientist who group and.
Classification History
Essential question: How and why do we classify organisms?
Taxonomic Systems Section 9.1.
Classifying Living Things
Taxonomy Objective 4.01: Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships.
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a system of classification to logically name and group organisms based.
Classification.
CLASSIFICATION Chapter 17. What is Classification??  Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.
Classification of Species
1 Classification of organisms. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all.
1 Chapter 18: Classification. 2 18–1 Finding Order in Diversity  Life on Earth has been changing for more than 3.5 billion years  1.5 million species.
Chapter 1 Section 2 Classification.
Thursday, March 24, 2011 Objective: Students will be able to classify using the six kingdoms. Bellringer: Explain how a dichotomous key works, and its.
Chapter 14 Notes Why Classify? Categories of Biological Classification: 1. Why Classify? –Eliminate confusion –Organize information –Reveal Evolutionary.
Classification History
Puma concolor. Chapter 2 Classification 1 Classification means organizing living things into groups based on their similarities. 2 Scientists classify.
Taxonomy Notes ~ The science of classification. How many different species are there on Earth?
CLASSIFICATION Chapter 17. Warm-up:  When scientists discover a new species, what is the first thing they need to do?  What is the scientific name for.
Systematics, Taxonomy, Classification. Systematics The branch of biology that involves classifying living things, both current and prehistoric. It has.
Classification and Taxonomy. Basics of Classification Classification – the division of organisms into groups (classes) based on specific characteristics.
Classification Notes ercgwilliams Learning Objective I can classify objects in appropriate groups and explain the logic behind my choices.
Chapter 18 Taxonomy. How many new species are discovered each year?
What is a dichotomous key? a tool that determines the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and.
18-1 History of Taxonomy Taxonomy  Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
1 Classification. 2 Aristotle BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals.
17.1 Classification Think about how things are grouped in a store or in your kitchen to help create order.
Classification Of Organisms Chapter 14 Coach Fults.
 Throughout time, people have classified living things in different ways, usually based on how they affected people’s lives  Ancient Near East recognized.
Classification Biology I. Lesson Objectives Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms. Explain how to write a scientific name.
17.1 Notes Classification. Classification Notes outline A. Classification Why? Taxonomy Aristotle Linnaeus B. Naming organisms common name scientific.
Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.. Aristotle Plant or animal? If an animal, does it –Fly –Swim –Crawl Simple classifications Used common names.
Classification Notes. Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms Biologists organize livings.
Classification and Taxonomy (Ecology Unit: Objective 8) 10 th Grade Biology Bonneville High School.
Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.. Aristotle – Simple Classification Plant or animal? If an animal, does it –Fly –Swim –Crawl Simple classifications.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Classification and Taxonomy
Phylogeny Chapter 25.
Classification of Living Things
The science of naming organisms.
Classification and Taxonomy (Ecology Unit: Objective 8)
Classification of Living Things
The science of naming and grouping organisms
The science of naming organisms.
Classifying Organisms
The science of naming organisms.
The science of naming organisms.
Presentation transcript:

Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.

Aristotle 2000 years ago – only 1000 or so organisms had been “discovered” Classification system developed by Aristotle consisted of: PLANT ANIMAL - woody stems- motile (move) - non-woody stems- sessile (can’t move)

What are the levels of biological organization?

Biotic OR Abiotic?

Carolus Linnaeus Described organisms with two word names – all in Latin (why?) Developed binomial nomenclature First word = genus name (upper case) Second word = species name (lower case)

Why binomial nomenclature? Much easier than a 10+ word name under old “polynomial system” Same name no matter where you go Less confusion – same language throughout the world (Latin) Binomial = SCIENTIFIC NAME

Do you know what these animals are? Homo sapiens - Canis lupus – Canis lantrans - Felis domesticus - Pan troglodytes – Ursus arctos – Equus caballus- Turdus migratorius – Orcinus orca -

Do you know what these animals are? Homo sapiens - human Canis lupus – wolf Canis lantrans - coyote Felis domesticus - house cat Pan troglodytes – chimpanzee Ursus arctos – grizzly bear Equus caballus- horse Turdus migratorius - robin Orcinus orca - killer whale

Taxonomic hierarchy Names organisms and their relationships from very broad (ie includes a lot of organisms in a variety of categories) to very specific (ie includes much fewer organisms with fewer diversifying traits)

All organisms classified in a hierarchy Domain (broadest) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific) Danish King Phillip Came Over For Green Spinach

3 domains of life EUKARYA BACTERIA ARCHAEA

Classify a human and a bobcat: GROUPHUMAN BOBCAT Domaineukarya eukarya Kingdomanimalia animalia Phylumchordata chordata Classmammalia mammalia Orderprimates carnivora Familyhominidae felidae GenusHomo Lynx Speciessapien rufus

What is a species anyway? Biological species concept –A group of actually or potentially breeding natural groups that are reproductively isolated from other groups. »Ernst Mayr, 1924 Extended definition of species to include: –Hybrids Sterile offspring of two different species

How many are out there? Scientists currently estimate that –There are 10 million species worldwide –Over 5 million live in the tropics –Most unnamed species are small or microscopic

Why is taxonomy useful? Helps prevent confusion among scientists Helps to show how organisms are related Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies – evolutionary histories – of an organism or group

A note on cladograms Graph showing when different groups diverged from a common ancestral line Points where they diverge are often noted with a feature that was different between ancestral group and a “new” feature in the group that split off.

Bird Cladogram

Dichotomous Key A dichotomous key is a device that can be used to easily identify an unknown organism. The word dichotomous comes from two Greek words that together mean, "divided in two parts". A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part statements that describe characteristic of organisms. At each step of a dichotomous key the user is presented with two choices. As the user makes a choice about a particular characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key. Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism that they are trying to identify. Saskatchewan Education. (1992) Science: A Curriculum Guide for the Secondary Level Biology 20/30. Saskatchewan Education. p. 106

For example: Construct a dichotomous key with a few school supply items:

When constructing a dichotomous key, the first step is to look at the group of objects or organisms and separate them into two groups based on a single distinguishing characteristic. Then continue to separate each of the groups until each object has its own separate set of characteristics. Arrange the items in a “spider key” before putting them into the traditional dichotomous key format.

SPIDER KEY

DICHOTOMOUS KEY