Chapter 6 Behavior Management 6 Behavior Management E. Michael Loovis C H A P T E R

Behavior Management Control behavior (help motivate students to learn). Promote skill acquisition. Teach prosocial behaviors.

Applied Behavior Analysis Systematic process Application of reinforcement learning principles Behavior controlled by its effect on the environment

Reinforcement Positive Negative

Punishment Presentation of an aversive consequence (type I) Removal of a positive stimulus (type II)

Extinction Withholding of reinforcement after a response previously reinforced No consequence following the response Stimulus (aversive or positive) neither presented nor taken away

Antecedent Stimuli or Events An antecedent is a stimulus that cues an organism to perform a learned behavior. When an organism perceives an antecedent stimulus, it behaves in a way that maximizes reinforcing consequences and minimizes punishing consequences.

Antecedent Stimuli or Events First component of the three-term contingency (ABC) ANTECEDENT/BEHAVIOUR/CONSEQUENCES Exist prior to behavior of interest Cues or prompts Environmental modifications

Types of Reinforcers Primary –Reinforce the actual behaviour Secondary –Reinforce a related behaviour

Types of Reinforcers Vicarious –taking the place of another person or thing; acting or serving as a substitute. felt or enjoyed through imagined participation in the experience of others Premack principle –reinforcement which states that an opportunity to engage in more probable behaviors (or activities) will reinforce less probable behaviors (or activities).

Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed ratio –involves offering reinforcement only after a specified number of responses. Variable ratio –where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed interval –first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed Variable interval –where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Procedures to Increase Behavior Shaping conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. The method used is differential reinforcement of successive approximations. It was introduced by B.F. Skinner with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species.

Procedures to Increase Behavior Shaping 2WC0

Procedures to Increase Behavior Chaining A specific sequence of responses in which the completion of each response provides a cue to engage in the next response

Procedures to Increase Behavior Prompting Cue or hint meant to induce a person to perform a desired behavior

Procedures to Increase Behavior Fading slowly diminishing an old behavior while introducing a new Is there a behavior modification technique that gives a child confidence?

Procedures to Increase Behavior Modeling learn new skills by imitating another person, such who performs the behavior to be acquired.

Procedures to Increase Behavior Token economy based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers.

Procedures to Increase Behavior Contingency management based on the principle that behavior is a function of its consequences. gives no response to the student's errors.

Behavior Contract in Physical Education

Applied Behavior Analysis Program Identifying the target behavior Establishing baseline Setting objective Choosing the reinforcer Scheduling the reinforcer Cueing/prompting behavior Student response (or lack thereof) Reinforcement/consequence

Psychodynamic Approach Cause of psychological dysfunction Understand why people behave as they do Encourages teachers to accept students but not their undesirable behavior

Maslow’s self-actualization theory 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Maslow’s self-actualization theory 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self- fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.