Introduction Chapters 1 and 2

What is sports nutrition? A specialization within the nutrition field Requires knowledge of both nutrition and exercise science Goes beyond general health and wellness Sports nutrition involves: –Providing energy for physical activity and/or competition –Providing nutrients for repair, recovery, and adaptation to physical training –Designing practical dietary strategies to achieve above goals

Why study sports nutrition? It is a new and exciting area of study. It is an area that is generating lots of research interest. Job opportunities are growing for those with sports nutrition backgrounds. It is a great adjunct to anyone involved in the fitness/exercise industry.

What are the basic nutrients? Macronutrients –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Fats Micronutrients –Vitamins –Minerals Water Photo © Photos.com

What are carbohydrates? Composed of sugars (i.e., glucose) Sugars are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Provide the body with energy (4 kcals/gram) Found in many foods, mostly in grains, fruits, and vegetables Photos © Photodisc

What are proteins? Composed of amino acids –Essential –Nonessential Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Involved in growth and repair of body tissues Found in many foods, but mostly in dairy and meats Provide some energy Photo © Mark Adams/Superstock Photo © Photodisc

What are fats? Also known as lipids Serve as a concentrated form of energy (9kcals/gram) Provide structure to body tissues –Nerves –Cell membranes Are concentrated in foods such as butter, oils, and meats Photo © Photodisc

What are vitamins? Micronutrients Composed of carbon and other elements Must be obtained from diet Are essential to at least one vital process Are found in nearly all foods, particularly fruits and vegetables Photo © Ablestock

Vitamin Classifications Water soluble –B-vitamins –C Fat soluble –A –D –E –K Photo © Photos.com

What are minerals? Micronutrients Composed of elements other than carbon Serve important structural, electrical, and chemical roles in the body © Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Mineral Classifications Major (requirements: >100 mg/day) –Calcium –Sodium –Potassium –Chloride and others Minor (requirements:<100 mg/day) –Iron –Zinc –Copper –Iodine and others

What is water? H 2 O 55 to 60% of body weight Essential for life –Temperature regulation –Lubrication –Transport Photo © Photodisc

How does the body produce energy? Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are metabolized. Energy is released. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed. ATP is the “direct” source of energy for muscle activity.

Progressing on into Unit 2: Nutrients Objectives The Digestive System Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Minerals, Vitamins, Water Energy

The Digestive System What is digestion? What do the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine do? ‘ caracas.org/departments/science/Topic5.php

Carbohydrates There are 3 classifications of carbohydrates, what are their names and what are some food sources we commonly eat that contain them? What enzyme is secreted in the saliva to aid in breaking down carbohydrates? In which area of the body does a majority of carbohydrates break down? What are some enzymes that are secreted to break down certain carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates (cont’d) Absorption can occur by 4 different methods: –Passive diffusion –Facilitated diffusion –Active transport –Endocytosis How are carbohydrates transferred to cells?

Fats What enzyme is secreted in the saliva to first break down fat? What enzyme is secreted in the stomach to further break down fat? What hormones are released in the small intestine to digest fats?

Fats (cont’d) What are the names of the particles that transfer fats to cells? Please refer to Figure 2.13 on page 37 in your book for a great depiction of how fats are broken down

Proteins What is the name of the building blocks that make up proteins? Where does the majority of protein digestion occur? What enzymes are secreted to aid in protein digestion? How are proteins transported to cells?

Proteins (cont’d) So after breaking down proteins into amino acids, what happens next? Transcription: Specific instruction mRNA: Genetic set of instructions on how to make the protein Ribosomes: Build protein Translation: Ribosomes read mRNA segment and begin attaching amino acids together tRNA: Delivering mechanism to bring the sequence to the “protein construction site”

Energy Metabolism What is this? Why is it important for us to tell our clients? There are 6 different classifications of energy. What is the form that humans rely upon? What is the direct source of all biological processes coming from?

Energy Metabolism

Energy Metabolism What is the energy system for breaking down glucose? If there was no glucose available, what energy system would occur? What is the energy system for breaking down lipids?

Energy Metabolism Aerobic –Oxygen enriched –What energy systems are aerobic? –Provide some activities that are aerobic Anaerobic –Oxygen depleted –What energy systems are anaerobic? –Provide some activities that are anaerobic

Case Study Jennifer is a 42-year old tennis player. She reports her energy levels have dropped and she has a long time recovering from long tennis matches. She also is hungry all the time. The hunger is frustrating to her because she is trying to maintain her weight and controlling her total daily intake. She is eating well since she was diagnosed with high cholesterol 2 years ago. She had met with a dietitian at the time and made changes to her diet such as switching to non-fat foods and eliminating dairy. Her goals are to increase her energy levels, decrease recovery time and create a meal plan that will be healthy to her husband and sons. –What should be her top priority- high cholesterol, maintaining her weight, constant hunger, low energy levels or long recovery time