Implementing Principles of the New Constitution Chapter 2 and 3

Unwritten Constitution under Washington, Adams, and Jefferson Constitution a framework for government Constitution a framework for government Washington ( ) Washington ( ) First Cabinet, 1789 First Cabinet, 1789 Secretary of State, Jefferson Secretary of State, Jefferson Secretary of Treasury, Hamilton Secretary of Treasury, Hamilton Secretary of War Secretary of War Attorney General Attorney General

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Hamilton wanted to strengthen the new countries finances Hamilton wanted to strengthen the new countries finances Repay debts Repay debts National bank to deposit tax revenues and offer private loans to government National bank to deposit tax revenues and offer private loans to government Tariffs: protect new American industries Tariffs: protect new American industries

Hamilton vs. Jefferson Hamilton Hamilton Self made Self made Banker in North Banker in North Jefferson Jefferson Southern, agrarian Southern, agrarian Thought the bank would favor north Thought the bank would favor north Give the federal government too much power Give the federal government too much power ** Congress enacts the bank **

Stabilizing the Political System Federalists Federalists Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Favor northern merchants Favor northern merchants Loose construction – elastic clause Loose construction – elastic clause Pro Bank: Pro Bank: Stabilize the national government Stabilize the national government Strengthen national government Strengthen national government Tariffs protect industry Tariffs protect industry Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson Favor small farmers/ common people Argue for strict construction Con Bank: Make rich richer Loans to northern merchants not Southern and Western farmers

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Excise Tax – tax on the sale of a domestic product Excise Tax – tax on the sale of a domestic product Distilled Whiskey Distilled Whiskey Washington sent troops to put down rebellion Washington sent troops to put down rebellion Impact: Federal government strong Impact: Federal government strong

Stabilizing the Political System Debate over the new bank created the first political parties Debate over the new bank created the first political parties Political Parties Political Parties Constitution does not mention Constitution does not mention Form the basis of U.S. political system Form the basis of U.S. political system Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 John Adams ( ) John Adams ( ) Show strength of Federalists Show strength of Federalists Alien Act Alien Act President can deport foreigners who he believes endanger public safety President can deport foreigners who he believes endanger public safety Sedition Act Sedition Act Government can fine and imprison newspaper editors who print scandalous and malicious things about the government Government can fine and imprison newspaper editors who print scandalous and malicious things about the government

Impacts of Alien and Sedition Acts Virginia and Kentucky passed resolutions protesting these acts Virginia and Kentucky passed resolutions protesting these acts Right to nullify Right to nullify Expressed views of Thomas Jefferson Expressed views of Thomas Jefferson Acts violated citizen’s basic rights Acts violated citizen’s basic rights

End of the Federalist Era Election of 1800 Election of 1800 Electoral Votes: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Electoral Votes: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Decided in House Decided in House Thomas Jefferson 3 rd President (1801 – 1809) Thomas Jefferson 3 rd President (1801 – 1809) 12 th Amendment: each elector cast one ballot for president, one for vice president 12 th Amendment: each elector cast one ballot for president, one for vice president

Neutrality and National Security First 5 presidents aimed for: First 5 presidents aimed for: Neutrality Neutrality Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality – US not get involved in European affairs Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality – US not get involved in European affairs Recognition of U.S. sovereignty Recognition of U.S. sovereignty Support Latin Americans struggling for independence Support Latin Americans struggling for independence

Marshall Court John Marshall, Chief Justice ( ) John Marshall, Chief Justice ( ) Strengthened Supreme Court Strengthened Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marbury v. Madison (1803) Judicial Review: power of the court to rule on the constitutionality of federal and state laws Judicial Review: power of the court to rule on the constitutionality of federal and state laws McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland Nullification: courts can cancel a state law that conflicts with a federal law Nullification: courts can cancel a state law that conflicts with a federal law Gibbens v. Ogden Gibbens v. Ogden Clarified Interstate Commerce – in hands of Congress, not states Clarified Interstate Commerce – in hands of Congress, not states Impact: increased federal power in relation to the states Impact: increased federal power in relation to the states

John Adams and the XYZ Affair Adams adopt Washington’s policy of neutrality Adams adopt Washington’s policy of neutrality French navy seized American ships French navy seized American ships French diplomats: X, Y, Z French diplomats: X, Y, Z Demand bribes to stop abuses Demand bribes to stop abuses Ready for war? Ready for war?

Jefferson and the Napoleonic Wars Jefferson also chose neutrality Jefferson also chose neutrality War between Britain and France War between Britain and France Impressments – British force American sailors into service Impressments – British force American sailors into service Embargo Act – placed by Congress on American goods shipped to Europe in order to reduce tensions on seas Embargo Act – placed by Congress on American goods shipped to Europe in order to reduce tensions on seas Made it illegal for Americans to import or export any goods to Britain Made it illegal for Americans to import or export any goods to Britain Lifted, 1809 Lifted, 1809

War of 1812 James Madison ( ) James Madison ( ) Tried to remain neutral Tried to remain neutral Tensions at sea increase Tensions at sea increase Britain and France at War Britain and France at War Nonintercourse Act Nonintercourse Act Cant trade with Britain and France Cant trade with Britain and France Britain arming Native Americans Britain arming Native Americans Is Britain interferring in their former colonies? Is Britain interferring in their former colonies? Westward Expansion Westward Expansion War Hawks – gain Canada? War Hawks – gain Canada? Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson

War of 1812 Britain involved in Europe and cant devote all their attention to war in the US initially… Britain involved in Europe and cant devote all their attention to war in the US initially… 1814: Britain defeat France 1814: Britain defeat France Burn down Washington, DC Burn down Washington, DC Attack on New Orleans Attack on New Orleans Consequences Consequences Ended 1815 Ended 1815 Boosted nationalism Boosted nationalism No territory or money to either side No territory or money to either side

Era of Good Feelings James Monroe ( ) James Monroe ( ) Monroe and Latin America Monroe and Latin America Latin American colonies revolting against Spain, Portugal, and France Latin American colonies revolting against Spain, Portugal, and France Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine Western Hemisphere closed to further colonization Western Hemisphere closed to further colonization Europe should stay out Europe should stay out US not involve itself in the affairs of Europe US not involve itself in the affairs of Europe

Impacts of the Monroe Doctrine Supported by Great Britain and Latin America Supported by Great Britain and Latin America Foundation of US policy toward Latin America and Europe Foundation of US policy toward Latin America and Europe Reflected neutrality, isolationism, US concern to end colonization in West Reflected neutrality, isolationism, US concern to end colonization in West Protect interests of Latin American republics? Protect interests of Latin American republics?

Onset of Sectional Conflict During the Era of Good Feeling, two conflicts emerged: During the Era of Good Feeling, two conflicts emerged: Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise Split Democrat-Republicans Split Democrat-Republicans Corrupt Bargain Corrupt Bargain Election of John Quincy Adams Election of John Quincy Adams National Republicans National Republicans Andrew Jackson created Democrat party Andrew Jackson created Democrat party