Connected and Automated Vehicles April 28, 2016 U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)

2 U.S. Department of Transportation Today’s Transportation Challenges Data Sources: Quick Facts: 2014 Data, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 2016); 2015 Annual Urban Mobility Report, Texas Transportation Institute (Aug 2015); Centers for Disease Control Mobility 6.9 billion hours of travel delay $160 billion cost of urban congestion Mobility 6.9 billion hours of travel delay $160 billion cost of urban congestion Safety 32,675 highway deaths in million crashes in 2014 Leading cause of death for ages 11, Safety 32,675 highway deaths in million crashes in 2014 Leading cause of death for ages 11, Environment 3.1 billion gallons of wasted fuel 56 billion lbs of additional CO 2 Environment 3.1 billion gallons of wasted fuel 56 billion lbs of additional CO 2

3 U.S. Department of Transportation Dedicated Short Range Communications  What it is □ Low latency, Wi-Fi-like medium adapted for vehicle environment □ Original FCC spectrum allocation in 1999 □ FCC revised allocation in 2004 and 2006  How the technology works □ Data can be distributed in a broadcast mode (300m range – line of sight) □ Peer-to-peer data exchanges as well □ Engineered to work well in a moving vehicle environment □ Privacy is protected

4 U.S. Department of Transportation DSRC Spectrum Basics  Packet-based medium based on IEEE 802 family specifications for lower-layer definition  Additional network layer definitions and a cryptographic process for establishing trust and protecting confidentiality given in IEEE 1609 family  Payload definitions and performance requirements for common data units established in SAE standards  General IP transport available with certain priority requirements and packet size limitations Source: FCC Report and Order FCC

5 U.S. Department of Transportation Integrated DSRC Devices A device installed in a vehicle during the production process with the capable of sending and receiving DSRC messages.

6 U.S. Department of Transportation Aftermarket DSRC Devices A device installed in a vehicle in a post- production fashion capable of sending and receiving DSRC messages.

7 U.S. Department of Transportation Roadside Equipment Unit Devices installed along the roadway capable of sending and receiving DSRC messages…and can interface with traffic control systems (e.g., traffic signal controllers)

8 U.S. Department of Transportation Connected Vehicle Environment

9 U.S. Department of Transportation Organizing Principles  Privacy by design in all parts of the implementation, □ Users should trust that their private information will not be revealed or used without their knowledge and permission.  Security by design Information on how the Security Certificate Management System impacts privacy and security of data (SCMS)  Nation-wide interoperability of safety-related communications, □ Information that improves the safety of transportation services should be done the same way nation-wide.  Nation-wide interoperability of non-safety related communications, □ Information that provides improved mobility or environmental impacts should be presented in a consistent manner to all users, regardless of origin.  Equitable access for individual users to basic transportation data, □ Everyone should have access to data available for safety and mobility improvement using the equipment of their choice.

10 U.S. Department of Transportation Safety Pilot Model Deployment Program  73 miles of instrumented roadway with 27 roadside units in Ann Arbor, MI  Over 2,800 vehicles equipped with a variety of device types  Various V2V and V2I applications  Testing of prototype security mechanisms and device certification processes  1 year of data collection to support 2013 NHTSA decision  Transitioned to an operational environment

11 U.S. Department of Transportation  Participate in Concept Development Phase Webinars for the three Pilot Sites (see website for exact dates and times) Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program PROGRAM GOALS PILOT SITES U.S. Department of Transportation ITS Joint Program Office Feb 2016Mar 2016Apr 2016May 2016Jun 2016Jul 2016Aug 2016 STAY CONNECTED Concept of Operations Webinars Performance Measurement Webinars Comprehensive Deployment Plan Webinars

12 U.S. Department of Transportation O VERVIEW OF P ILOT D EPLOYMENT P ROPOSED CV A PPLICATIONS New York City (NYC) Curve Speed Warning Pedestrian in Signalized Crosswalk Warning (Transit) Red Light Violation Warning Reduced Speed/Work Zone Warning Blind Spot Warning (BSW) * Emergency Electronic Brake Lights (EEBL) * Forward Crash Warning * Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) * Lane Change Assist (LCA) * Stationary Vehicle Ahead (SVA) * Vehicle Turning Right in Front of Bus Warning (Transit) Advanced Traveler Information System Emergency Communications and Evacuation (EVAC) Freight-Specific Dynamic Travel Planning and Performance Measurement (F-ATIS) Intelligent Traffic Signal System (I-SIG) Mobile Accessible Pedestrian Signal System (PED-SIG) Eco-Speed Harmonization ICF/Wyoming Work Zone Warnings Spot Weather Impact Warning Situational Awareness Freight-Specific Dynamic Travel Planning Automatic Alerts for Emergency Responders CV-enabled Weather-Responsive Variable Speed Limits Road Weather Advisories for Trucks and Vehicles Truck Parking Availability for Freight Carriers Tampa (THEA) Curve Speed Warning Pedestrian in Signalized Crosswalk Warning (Transit) Emergency Electronic Brake Lights (EEBL) Forward Collision Warning (FCW) Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) Vehicle Turning Right in Front of Bus Warning (Transit) Intelligent Traffic Signal System (I-SIG) Mobile Accessible Pedestrian Signal System (PED-SIG) Transit Signal Priority (TSP) Probe-enabled Traffic Monitoring *Deployment of applications is dependent upon Final ConOps and funding

13 U.S. Department of Transportation ICF/Wyoming Pilot Deployment Overview Objective:  Reduce the number and severity of adverse weather- related incidents (including secondary incidents) in the I-80 Corridor in order to improve safety and reduce incident-related delays. □ Focused on the needs of the commercial vehicle operator in the State of Wyoming Approach:  Equip fleet vehicles (combination of snow plows, maintenance fleet vehicles, emergency vehicles, and private trucks) that frequently travel the I-80 corridor to transmit basic safety messages (BSMs), collect vehicle and road condition data and provide it remotely to the WYDOT TMCs  Deploy DSRC roadside equipment (RSE) to supplement existing assets and initiatives  Road weather data shared with freight carriers who will transmit to their trucks using exiting in-vehicle systems Source: Wyoming DOT Deployment Team:  Prime Consultant: ICF International; Partner State: Wyoming DOT  Sub Consultants: Trihydro Corporation, National Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Wyoming, Catt Laboratory and McFarland Management

14 U.S. Department of Transportation ICF/Wyoming Pilot Deployment Vision

15 U.S. Department of Transportation Research Data Exchange (RDE)  The RDE is a Web-based resource that collects, manages, and provides access to multi-source and multi-modal transportation data  Quality-checked, well-documented, and freely available to the public  Currently has ITS and connected vehicle data from 17 locations  More data environments will be added, including data from Dynamic Mobility Application (DMA) prototypes.  The Saxton Traffic Operations Laboratory may hold data that cannot be released to the public Connected vehicle, mobile device, and infrastructure sensor data captured during the Smart City Demonstration are expected to be broadly shared with the community to inform prospective deployers of Smart City applications

16 U.S. Department of Transportation Remember: DSRC – a Key Part of Communications  Large-scale pilots are underway that will exercise the complete system architecture with the full capability of DSRC  We have arrived at a consensus of interpretation of standards for the next generation of installations  Production programs are underway DSRC is ready to be part of the next Generation of Wireless Media

17 U.S. Department of Transportation What are the Next Steps?  Identify and engage stakeholders and technical experts!  Follow the CV Pilot Deployers ( □ ICF/Wyoming □ New York City □ Tampa (THEA)  Seek out Training Opportunities ( □ CV 101 Connected Vehicle Basics □ CV 102 Applications and Planning for Implementation □ CV 201 Deployment Planning for Implementing a Connected Vehicle Environment

18 U.S. Department of Transportation Levels of Automation

19 U.S. Department of Transportation What Makes Automation Easier?  Low speeds  Good GPS visibility  Good weather  Known routes  Simple environment and road rules  Simple interactions with other road users  Possibility of human monitoring and intervention

20 U.S. Department of Transportation Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Video Link -

21 U.S. Department of Transportation CACC Car Following Model- Longitudinal Control

22 U.S. Department of Transportation CACC Car Following Model - Lateral Control  Lagging_Gap > Critical lagging gap  Leading_Gap > Critical leading gap  V0-V1<Leading Critical Speed Differential  V2-V0<Lagging Critical Speed Differential

23 U.S. Department of Transportation Automated Lane Change/Merge  Research Question: Can the use of automated control, V2V, I2V, and/or vehicle sensors to execute traffic movements such as lane change and merge maneuvers assist in fully realizing the identified mobility and safety benefits of other connected automated applications (e.g., CACC)?  Work to Date: A connected, automated lane change maneuver was successfully demonstrated on a close course with three vehicles. □ The maneuver took approximately 10 s to complete □ The vehicles were able to maintain desired spacing with minimal error (within 2 m), speed oscillation, or passenger discomfort. Freeway Entrance with Infrastructure Support Joining into Car Convoy - Lane Change/Merge Weaving (Cloverleaf Enter/Exit Lane) Zipper Merge

24 U.S. Department of Transportation Stay Connected Brian Cronin Director, Office of Operations Research, FHWA Contact for CV Pilots Program: Kate Hartman Team Lead, Program Management and Evaluation Contact for Knowledge Transfer Program: Kevin Gay Team Lead, ITS Knowledge Transfer and Policy Website: operations/