Problems The main problem of Indian Independence was the struggle between the Muslim minority and the Hindu majority. Britain washed her hands free of whole issue and announced the Indians could solve the problem on their own.

Problems Lord Mountbatten was instructed to prepare India for independence. –Last Viceroy of the British Indian Empire (1947) and the first Governor General of the Independent Union of India (1947–48), from which the modern Republic of India would emerge in 1950).

Divisions Indian leaders decided to divide the country into India for the Hindus and Sikhs and Pakistan (East and West) for the Muslims. This is what Gandhi had tried to prevent. Jinnah was to administer Pakistan. Nehru controlled India.

The Great Migration People were then forced to move to the country where their religion was going. Violence between the groups erupted and led to 500,000 deaths.

Indian independence, 1947 India received her independence in August, 1947, as did Pakistan. Nehru, a mild socialist, became the first Prime Minister. A parliamentary democracy was established.

Independence: India India remained a dominion of The Crown until 26 January 1950, when it adopted its Constitution to proclaim itself a republic.

Independence: Pakistan Pakistan proclaimed itself a republic in 1956 but faced a number of internal power struggles that has seen suspensions of democracy.

Civil War In 1971, the Pakistani Civil War, culminating in the 1971 War, saw the splintering-off of East Pakistan into the nation of Bangladesh.

Jawaharlal Nehru  Ally of Gandhi.  1 st Prime Minister of India,  Advocated Industrialization.  Promoted “Green Revolution.”  Promoted a Mixed Economy.  Non-aligned Movement (NAM).

Non-Alignment Movement

  The “mix” refers to private and public ownership.  Foreign aid and foreign investment are crucial.  Urban areas have high-tech companies. India’s “mixed economy”

  Three quarters of the population are farmers living in small villages.  India's "Green Revolution" allowed farmers to triple their crop by using modern science and technology. India’s “mixed economy”

India’s “Green Revolution”  Introducing higher- yielding varieties of seeds in  Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation.  GOAL  make India self-sufficient in food grains.

Gandhi Assassinated Gandhi (a Hindu) was assassinated by a fellow Hindu on 30 January Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting.

Gandhi’s Assassin The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan.

Gandhi’s Assassin Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services.

An end to violence... January 1948 saw the “end” of violence from the separation. The state of Kashmir was to become a major point of controversy between Indian and Pakistan. War over Kashmir would follow in 1957 with India and Pakistan fighting for a piece of Kashmir.

 Nehru’s daughter.  Prime Minister of India,  Continued Nehru’s policies.  Faced corruption charges & internal rebellion.  Assassinated in Indira Gandhi

India’s persecution of the Sikhs in the Punjab

 Indira’s son.  Prime Minister of India,  Some reform of economy and government.  Also faced rebellion.  Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning. Rajiv Gandhi

  May 2004  May 2014 (did not seek re- election).  Manmohan Singh held up a letter from India's president authorizing him to form a new government as Prime Minister. Manmohan Singh

May 2004 India swears in 13th Prime Minister and the first Sikh in the job.

  May Sworn in as Prime Minister of India after his Bharatiya Janata Party won a landslide victory in national elections. Narendra Modi

Narendra, the son of a tea seller with political roots in India's Hindu nationalist movement, was sworn in May 26, 2014 as prime minister of the world's largest democracy, putting in place a leaner central government and promising Indians "a glorious future." Narendra Modi

  Overpopulation  1 billion+ & climbing.  Economic development.  Hindu-Muslim tensions.  Gender issues  dowry killings.  Caste bias  discrimination against untouchables continues.  The Kashmir dispute.  Nuclear weapons.  Political assassinations.  The Tamil separatism movement. Major problems & Issues in India today

Greater Tamil Nadu

Tamil Separatism: The “Tamil Tigers”

Is the dream gone?

 In the beginning led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah = founder of Pakistan Governor General.  Dangerous combination:  Was not prepared to rule in  Strong Islamic fundamentalism.  Impoverished. PakistanPakistan

 Pakistan divided in 1972:  West Pakistan = Pakistan.  East Pakistan = Bangladesh. PakistanPakistan

 First woman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan,  Ousted in 1990, 1993 on corruption charges; was assassinated in Benazir Bhutto

  Coup d'état = President of Pakistan,  Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists.  U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.” Gen. Pervex Musharaff

  Former PM of Pakistan ( ).  The widower of Benazir Bhutto. Asif Ali Zardari

  Prime Minister of Pakistan  = Nawaz Sharif.  Present. Nawaz Sharif

  Economic development.  Political instability/military dictatorship.  Hindu-Muslim tensions.  Gender issues  honor killings.  Terrorism.  The Kashmir dispute.  Other border disputes with India.  Nuclear weapons. Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today

India-Pakistan Border Disputes

What title would you give this political cartoon?

The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

2002 Nuclear Statistics

Pakistan Nuclear Weapons Today Nuclear program start date20 January 1972 First nuclear weapon test28 May 1998 (Chagai-I) First fusion weapon testN/A Last nuclear test30 May 1998 (Chagai-II) Largest yield test 25–40 kt in 1998 (PAEC claim) Total tests6 detonations Peak stockpile 110–120 warheads (2013 estimate) Current stockpile110–120 warheads Maximum missile range2,500 km (Shaheen-II) NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty) signatory No

India Nuclear Weapons Today Nuclear program start date1967 First nuclear weapon test 18 May 1974 (Smiling Buddha) First fusion weapon test11 May 1998 (declared) Last nuclear test13 May 1998 Largest yield test 20–60 kt total in Pokhran-II (yield is disputed) Total tests6 Peak stockpile90–110 (2013 est.) Current stockpile90–110 (2013 est.) Maximum missile range5000 km (Agni III) NPT signatoryNo

Films etc. on India: Historical + Current Gandhi (1982) A Passage to India (1984) English August (1994) A Train to Pakistan (Novel = 1956; Film 1998) The Day Indian Burned: Partition (Documentary; 2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Monsoon Wedding (2001) Earth (1998)