Decolonization- Post World War II Mr. Torchetti Global History II

The Post-World War II World ■ What will happen in world history in the years after World War II (1945—today)?

Nations in India, Southeast Asia, & Africa gained independence from imperialists (decolonization)

Trade became more global (known as globalism) as technology expanded, markets grew, & corporations became dominant business organizations

Ethnic conflicts, genocide, & terrorism increased throughout the world

At the end of World War II, many nations in Africa & Asia gained independence from European imperialists This trend was known as decolonization The first major colony to gain independence was India in 1947

Title ■ Text During the First World War, India sent troops to fight with the British against the Central Powers in Europe The British gov’t promised Indians self-rule as a reward for participating in WWI When the war ended & self-rule was not granted, nationalism & demands for independence increased

Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian independence movement in the 1920s Gandhi urged Indians to use non-violent means to achieve their goals Gandhi’s tactics included deliberately breaking unfair British laws (called civil disobedience) Gandhi encouraged peaceful protests & boycotting British goods in order to hurt the British colonial economy

Title But, self-rule created tensions between the Hindu majority & the Muslim minority who feared giving power to Hindus In 1935, British granted India limited self-rule but not total independence

Title ■ Text When World War II broke out, Britain committed Indian troops to the war with asking India’s self-governing assembly This led to protests & renewed calls for independence from Britain When World War II ended in 1945, Britain was in debt & ready to grant India its independence But, violence between Hindus & Muslims made granting independence difficult

Title ■ Text In 1947, Britain agreed to a partition (division) of India & granted independence to two nations: India & Pakistan India was a nation made up largely of Hindus Pakistan was dominated by Muslims (East Pakistan later became Bangladesh ) During the partition, 10 million people relocated; Violence broke out leaving 1 million dead, including Gandhi who was assassinated in 1949

Title ■ Text In 1947, India became the world’s largest democratic nation; Jawaharlal Nehru was elected India’s first prime minister Nehru emphasized democracy, unity, & modernizing India Under Nehru, women & lower caste Hindus gained rights In 1966, Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, was elected prime minister In the Cold War, India was a leader among non-aligned nations

Title ■ Text

■ Essential Question: – What was decolonization & how did decolonization impact India & Africa? ■ CPWH Agenda for Unit 14.1: – Clicker Preview Questions – Decolonization in Africa – Today’s HW: 34.3 – CPWH Final Exam: May – County Post-Test: May 25-27

In the 1950s & 1960s, African colonies experienced decolonization & gained independence The first sub-Saharan African colony to gain its independence was Ghana in 1957

As a imperial power, Britain conquered much of Africa including Gold Coast After WWII, Britain allowed Africans in Gold Coast to participate in local self governments Starting in 1947, Kwame Nkrumah used Gandhi’s non- violent strategy of boycotts & strikes to pressure Britain to grant independence

After a decade of struggle, Britain granted Gold Coast independence in 1957 & the nation was renamed Ghana Kwame Nkrumah was elected president-for-life & began an ambitious series of road, education, health programs In 1966, Nkrumah was overthrown & Ghana struggled between military & civilian rule until elections were finally held in 2000 Nkrumah supported Pan-Africanism (unity among Africans) & hoped to create a “United States of Africa”

Unlike Ghana, demands for independence in South Africa were led by white colonists When South Africa gained independence in 1931, white Afrikaners gained power & create a policy of apartheid Apartheid laws created strict racial segregation between blacks & whites

Black South Africans protested apartheid & often violent riots broke out

The anti-apartheid leader was Nelson Mandela In 1964, Mandela was arrested & given a life sentence for opposing apartheid laws In the 1980s, many foreign nations refused to trade with South Africa in protest of apartheid

In 1990, new South African President F. W. de Clerk released Mandela from prison South African parliament repealed all apartheid laws & announced the first multiracial election in 1994 Nelson Mandela won the election & became South Africa’s first black president South Africans adopted a new constitution with a Bill of Rights that guaranteed equal rights for all citizens

Not all African independence movements ended with democracy or without bloodshed After gaining independence, Nigeria erupted in an ethnic civil war Ethnic divisions weakened Kenya’s government & led to violence & rule by dictators In Congo, a series of civil wars weakened the newly-formed nation

Among the worst examples of violence in Africa is the genocide (mass killings) in Rwanda & Sudan In Rwanda, ethnic conflict between rival clans led to the Hutus massacring between 500,000 & 800,000 Tutsi in 1994 In Darfur, the Sudanese gov’t killed up to 400,000 Muslims in an attempt to destroy an anti-gov’t rebel movement

Genocide in Africa U.N. Peacekeeping Interventions,

The Challenges in Africa Today The Aids Epidemic in Africa (Link to NY Times video, 6.00)Link to NY Times video, 6.00

China Case study ■ During the Chinese civil war, Communists expanded their peasant support, using appeals for women (health care, divorce rights, education access, graduated taxes, cooperative farming). ■ Growth of popularity during the war in part through use of anti-Japanese propaganda. ■ Kept fighting the civil war after Japanese surrender. ■ 1949 – “Great People’s Revolution”- Mao Zedong leads communist fighters to victory ■ Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.

Negotiated Independence in India and Africa ■ Independence is achieved with little bloodshed in India and much of colonial Africa in decades following World War II. ■ Why? At what cost?

India Case Study Background ■ India and other Asian colonies were the first to establish independence movements. ■ Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of colonial regimes.

■ Indian National Congress party founded in (Elite group - not mass movement) ■ Growth of Indian national identity- presented grievances to the British. ■ Gandhi and Congress leadership tried to prevent mass peasant uprising (as was happening in China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.

Militant Nationalists ■ B.G. Tilak urged a boycott of British manufactured goods and used threats of terrorism. ■ Attracted a violent conservative Hindu following. ■ Tilak was exiled and his movement was repressed by the British.

Peaceful Protests Mohandas Gandhi and other western educated lawyers led peaceful alternative. Nation-wide protest against colonialism through boycotts and campaigns of civil resistance. His efforts were not well received by the Muslims who formed a separate organization in 1906, The Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on a separated (partitioned) state (Hindu and Muslim).

Continued Indian Resistance ■ Salt March, 1931 ■ Government of India Act 1935

Indian Independence ■ August 1947 Pakistan and India gained independence. ■ Mass killings of Muslims and Hindus (1 million) followed by mass migrations (12 million). (Gandhi fasted to prevent war… He was eventually assassinated) ■ Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister, began modernization campaign.

Africa for Africans Africa for Africans ■ Nationalists composed of ex- servicemen, urban unemployed & under- employed, and the educated. ■ Pan- Africanism and Negritude

De-colonization in Africa De-colonization in Africa 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. By 1963, all of British ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

Negritude ■ Negritude: validation of African culture and the African past by the Negritude poets. Recognized attributes of French culture but were not willing to be assimilated into Europe.

Violent and Incomplete Decolonizations ■ Presence of European immigrant groups impeded negotiations, leading to violence. For example, Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern Africa ■ Vietnam’s de-colonization complicated by France’s colonial ties and cold war politics.

Kenya Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition of power. Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent revolt. Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed by British independence granted to black majority, led by Kenyatta.

Algeria ■ Appeal of Arab nationalism ■ Large French settler population ■ war between FLN (nationalist party) and French troops ■ “part of France” ■ 300,000 lives lost

South Africa ■ 4 million white residents ■ Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won 1948 election ■ Apartheid ■ No protests tolerated (African National Congress, Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960) ■ 1990’s black government elected

Vietnam ■ French rule since 1880’s –rice, mining, and rubber exports ■ Rise of foreign educated intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh) ■ Formation of Viet Minh in 1941 ■ Guerrilla War with France ( ) ■ Divided country in 1954 led to gradual US entry to contain communism.

Women as leaders in the Movement ■ Women fought alongside men in whatever capacities were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China, Vietnam,India and elsewhere. ■ China, 1942: “ The fighting record of our women does not permit us to believe that they will ever again allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a national enemy or by social reaction at home.” ■ Women given constitutional rights but social and economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial developing nations.

Sources ■ UKEwjW94f15IvMAhVEPT4KHVCZDpcQFggiMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georg etownisd.org%2Fsite%2Fhandlers%2Ffiledownload.ashx%3Fmoduleinstanceid%3D 16045%26dataid%3D15439%26FileName%3DDecolonization%2520in%2520India% 2520and%2520Africa.ppt&usg=AFQjCNEaBSKPF0x93TTQFp_yVCeBU3gz4A&bvm= bv ,d.cWw ■ UKEwjW94f15IvMAhVEPT4KHVCZDpcQFgg2MAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhargrovek ms.cmswiki.wikispaces.net%2Ffile%2Fview%2F20th%2BCentury%2BDecolonizatio n%2BIntroduction%2BLecture.ppt&usg=AFQjCNGRO8vc9FK0BzJiYevJN4kJGwm44A