Chapter 1: People and Government Section 1: Principles of Government

State vs. Nation State—a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority (a country) State—a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority (a country) Nation—any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion Nation—any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion Nation-state—when a nation and a state have the same boundaries Nation-state—when a nation and a state have the same boundaries

Features of a State 1. Population 2. Territory 3. Sovereignty—the state has supreme and absolute authority within its territory 4. Government—the institution through which the state maintains social order

Origin of Government Evolutionary Theory—large extended families needed more organization Evolutionary Theory—large extended families needed more organization Force Theory—One person or group brought an area under control Force Theory—One person or group brought an area under control Divine Right Theory—a god or gods have chosen someone to rule Divine Right Theory—a god or gods have chosen someone to rule Social Contract Theory—people gave the state power for order Social Contract Theory—people gave the state power for order

Aristotle Scholar in ancient Greece Student of Plato One of the first to study governments

Thomas Hobbes One of the first to come up with the social contract theory Without government life was “nasty, brutish, and short”

John Locke Defended the British Parliament’s right to overthrow King James II Believed people naturally had the right to life, liberty, and property.

What is the purpose of government?

Purposes of Government 1. To maintain social order 2. To provide public services 3. To provide for national security and common defense 4. To provide for and control the economic system

Chapter 1: People and Government Section 2: The Formation of Governments

Government Systems Unitary system of government—gives all key powers to central government (Great Britain, Italy, France…) Unitary system of government—gives all key powers to central government (Great Britain, Italy, France…) Federal system of government—divides powers of government between national government and state or provincial government (U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, India, Russia…) Federal system of government—divides powers of government between national government and state or provincial government (U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, India, Russia…) Confederacy—a loose union of independent states Confederacy—a loose union of independent states

Constitutions Constitution—a plan that provides the rules for government (written or unwritten) Constitution—a plan that provides the rules for government (written or unwritten) What does a constitution do? What does a constitution do? 1.Explains the ideals of the people 2.Explains the structure, powers, and duty of the government 3.Provides the supreme law for the country

The U.S. Constitution The U.S. Constitution, drawn up in 1787, is the oldest written constitution still in use today. The top part is called the preamble, or the statement that sets the goals and purposes.

Constitutional Government In a constitutional government, the constitution has the authority to limit the power of those who govern. In a constitutional government, the constitution has the authority to limit the power of those who govern. Which of the following is a constitutional government? Which of the following is a constitutional government?

Industrialized Nations An industrialized nation has advanced industries and technology that provide a comfortable way of life. An industrialized nation has advanced industries and technology that provide a comfortable way of life.

Developing Nations Developing nations are only beginning to develop industry and are very poor. Developing nations are only beginning to develop industry and are very poor.

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Chapter 1: People and Government Section 3: Types of Government

Types of Government Autocracy—all power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual Autocracy—all power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual –Totalitarian dictatorship—the ideas of the leader are glorified and the government seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life –Monarchy—a king, queen or emperor exercises the supreme powers of government

Types of Government (continued) Oligarchy—a small group holds power Oligarchy—a small group holds power –This group can derive their power from wealth, military power, social position, and/or religion (theocracy)

Types of Government (continued) Democracy—rule is by the people Democracy—rule is by the people –Direct democracy—the people govern themselves by voting as an individual on each issue –Representative democracy (Republic)—the people elect representatives and give them responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government

Are people in a democracy free? Majority rule with Minority Rights

What is needed for democracy? Free elections Free elections Competing political parties Competing political parties Active citizen participation Active citizen participation A favorable economy A favorable economy Widespread education Widespread education Strong civil society Strong civil society A social consensus A social consensus

Chapter 1: People and Government Section 4: Economic Theories

What does an economic system decide? 1. What and how much should be produced 2. How goods and services should be produced 3. Who gets the goods and services that are produced

Capitalism 1. Private ownership and control of property and economic resources 2. Free enterprise 3. Competition among businesses 4. Freedom of choice 5. The possibility of profits

Adam Smith ( ) Scottish philosopher and economist that theorized about the free market (buyers and sellers make unlimited decisions) Scottish philosopher and economist that theorized about the free market (buyers and sellers make unlimited decisions) Developed the theory of laissez-faire (“to let alone”) in his book The Wealth of Nations Developed the theory of laissez-faire (“to let alone”) in his book The Wealth of Nations

Socialism The government owns the basic means of production The government owns the basic means of production The government determines the use of resources The government determines the use of resources The government distributes the products and wages The government distributes the products and wages The government provides social services such as education, healthcare, and welfare The government provides social services such as education, healthcare, and welfare

Karl Marx ( ) Socialist German philosopher Socialist German philosopher Wrote a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto Wrote a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto Believed that society was divided between the bourgeoisie (capitalists who owned the means of production) and the proletariat (people who work to produce the goods) Believed that society was divided between the bourgeoisie (capitalists who owned the means of production) and the proletariat (people who work to produce the goods) Predicted a violent revolution Predicted a violent revolution

Communism Marx believed that violent struggle between classes would lead to communism Marx believed that violent struggle between classes would lead to communism One class would evolve One class would evolve Property would all be held in common Property would all be held in common Predicted that eventually there would be no need for government Predicted that eventually there would be no need for government

Mixed-Market Economy Mixed-market economy—economy in which free enterprise is combined with and supported by government decisions in the marketplace (the American economy) Mixed-market economy—economy in which free enterprise is combined with and supported by government decisions in the marketplace (the American economy)