August 2008 Forestry Science I Unit 3 Lesson 3 Created by Ms. Holli Bowman FORS 7730 Fall 2001 Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July 2002

August 2008 Definitions Carl von Linne (Linnaeus), a Swedish botanist was the first to use a system of classifying plants in which members of the plant kindom are divided into classes, orders, families, genera and species. Orders -- made up of one or more families, the names generally end in aceae. Families -- made up of one or more genera.

August 2008 Definitions Taxonomy -- the classification of plants and animals according to natural relationships. Taxonomy uses Latin as its language. When using “scientific” names for trees, the genus name is always written first and it is capitalized. Angiospermae -- the class of trees which is made up of the hardwood species Gymnospermae -- the class of trees made up of coniferous species

August 2008 Tree Characteristics Leaves Twigs Bark Fruit

August 2008 Leaves Generally, most trees can be identified by type, size, shape, color, texture and the arrangement of the leaves. –Leaf forms –Leaf apexes –Leaf margins –Leaf bases Margin -- the outside “edge” of the leaf

August 2008 Twigs Twigs- one of three ways. -Alternate -Whorled -Opposite Major identifying characteristics of twigs include buds, leaf scars, lenticels and bark

August 2008 Bark The most important identification feature in dormant winter periods. Identifying characteristics of bark include thickness, roughness, type of fissures, color and in some cases, odor. Twigs and Bark are two of the most helpful characteristics in identifying broad-leaved trees in the winter.

August 2008 Fruit Fruits are grouped into Simple and Compound. Simple fruits consist of a single, enlarged ovary with which some other flower parts may be incorporated. They are divided into two major groups: fleshy fruits and dry fruits. Compound fruits are divided into two major groups: aggregate fruit and multiple fruit.

August 2008 Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits –Berry: the outer and inner walls are fleshy and enclose one or more seeds –Drupe (or stone fruit): fruit is one-seeded. The outer part is fleshy, but the inner part is stony –Pome: the outer portion of the fruit is fleshy; the inner portion is somewhat “papery” and forms a “core” containing numerous seeds.

August 2008 Simple Fruits Dry Fruits –Dehiscent (those that split open when ripe) Legume Capsule –Indehiscent (those that do not open when ripe) Achene Samara Nut -- hard, usually one-seeded, with a bony, woody, leathery or papery wall.

August 2008 Compound Fruits Aggregate fruit -- cluster of ripened fruits produced from a single flower Multiple fruit -- cluster of fruits of separate flowers crowded together forming what appears to be a single fruit