WHG: Unit 4 Mass Society and Democracy

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

The Second Industrial Revolution, 1880s-1900 :18 gave rise to steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum - New Products: Steel: Henry Bessemer and William Kelly – used for machines, engines, railways, ships, and weapons

Electricity: could be converted easily to heat, light and motion ; by 1880 it was powering streetcars and subways, homes and businesses'. The Light Bulb: Thomas Edison – changed the whole idea of time, we became a 24 hr. world Just the beginning of electricity's POWER!

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell and his telephone “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you!”

Radio: Gugliemo Marconi

Internal Combustion engine Gasoline, a cheap by-product of petroleum refining the fuel for the internal combustion engine…Patented in France, 1859 by J.J. Lenior

Airplane: Orville and Wilbur Wright; first flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 1903

Automobile: not invented by Henry Ford; The Model T – made the car affordable for the ordinary man (assembly line)

New Patterns, 1880’s-1920’s People could afford to buy more consumer goods because wages increased and because of lower cost of transportation and manufacturing First department stores open, goods like clocks, bicycles, and typewriters were sold

Macy’s (1858) Department Stores Rothschild's(1882) Woolworths (1879)

Organizing the Working Class:  Marxist Theory: 1848 – The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx Friedrich Engels; were appalled at the horrible conditions of factories; blamed industrial capitalism; their solution – new social system (Communism)  Marx believed…world history was a “history of class struggles”; the oppressors: owned means of production and therefore power to control government and society; the oppressed: dependent on the owners of land and raw materials, for money, etc.  Marx believed…society was splitting into two opposing classes: Bourgeoisie(oppressors) and Proletariat (the oppressed); he predicted this struggle would led to a worldwide revolution; the proletariat would win and form a communist state to organize the means of production; communism would ultimately produce a classless society a Utopian State!

Social Classes of Mass Society: - The New Elite:  The wealthy elites stood at the top of society; 5% of population; controlled 30 – 40% of the wealth  Made up of the NEW rich and older aristocrats: the Upper Class: became leaders...government,business, society and the military

The Middle Classes:  members of this group provided goods and services for the classes above them believed in hard work; was growing rapidly in developed countries  regular churchgoers; believed in good conduct associated with Christianity  concerned with the right way to do things; good etiquette; Known as Victorian Society…Very Proper.

- The Working Classes:  made up 80% of population  experienced an improvement in material conditions after 1870; a rise in wages with a decline in the cost of consumer goods made it possible for them to buy more than just food and housing  enjoyed some leisure activities; 8-10 hour workdays and Weekends or (Sundays) off became the standard.

The Experiences of Women: 1800, women were defined by family and household roles; inferior to men; throughout the century they struggle to change their status, both legally and socially

- New Job Opportunities:  working classes maintained that women should remain at home to bear children and should not be allowed in the industrial workforce; argued keeping women out of the workplace would ensure the moral and physical well-being of families  new jobs for women: clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks and sales clerks  expansion of government services also gave new opportunities for women to work as telephone operators, teachers, and in health and social services

- Marriage and Family:  ideal: men were wage earners; women cared for the family  marriage remained the only honorable career for most women  important change – number of children born to the average woman declined; increased use and availability of birth control as better educated women decide to have smaller families!

- The Movement for Women’s Rights  feminism had its beginnings during the Enlightenment; equality based on natural rights. REVOLUTION!  Late 1800s, women begin to argue for the right to divorce and own property some fought for access to universities and entry into occupations dominated by men…this won’t come until the 20 th Century to the West.  training to become a doctor was closed to women, they entered the field by becoming nurses; Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Germany; other pioneers in nursing: Florence Nightingale in Crimean War and Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War (founder of the Red Cross)  1840s British Women begin to call for the right to vote; key to improving their conditions

Sieveking Nightingale Barton

Britain: The Women’s Social and Political Union was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst; members used unusual stunts to call attention to its demands; threw eggs at government officials, chained themselves to lamp posts, burned railroad cars and smashed department store windows

Universal Education becomes standard in all developed nations:  between 1870 and 1914 most western governments set up state- financed primary schools; boys and girls ages 6 – 12 were required to attend these schools. Most mandatory education ended after 8 th grade.  In the United States teacher training schools were est. The oldest one west of New York was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal College….EMU, today. Why the commitment to public education: For several reasons: 1)industrialization; they needed trained, skilled labor 2)political reasons; people who had the right to vote needed to be an educated voter 3)schools instilled patriotism  Result of public education: increased literacy; literacy led to the rise of mass media, newspapers, radio and later T.V.

New Forms of Leisure:  what people did for fun after work:  amusement parks, team sports; both were big business organized to make profits

Baseball Daniel Coogan “Little Danny ” Arlie Latham “The Clown Prince of Baseball”

The National State and Democracy REFORMS! Western Europe and Political Democracy: Great Britain: By 1871, Britain has a two party system; Liberal and Conservative Parties; both led by aristocratic landowners and upper-middle-class people Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884; both increased the number of males who could vote; 1928; all males over 21 and women over 30 could vote

- France: The collapse of the Second Empire left the country in confusion; it took five years for a constitution to be written and the Third Republic officially proclaimed Third Republic: had a president – powers were not defined by constitution; a bicameral legislature – the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies; a prime minister – led the government and was responsible to the Chamber of Deputies (ministerial responsibility)

- Italy: by 1870, Italy was an untied national state but had little sense of unity because they were divided between the poverty stricken south and the industrialized north; government corruption kept Italy from dealing with this problem

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order - Germany: Constitution of 1871 had a bicameral legislature; lower house called the Reichstag was elected by universal male suffrage Misters were responsible to the emperor not parliament; emperor controlled armed forces, foreign policy, and the government bureaucracy Emperor from 1888 – 1918: William II; under his reign Germany had the strongest military and industrial power in Europe

Austria-Hungary: Austria-Hungary enacted a constitution that, in theory, set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility – Francis Joseph ignored the system; appointed and dismissed ministers and issued decrees and laws when parliament was not in session Conflicts between various nationalities remain

Russia industrialized quickly in the 1890s; with industrialization came a proletariat who worked and lived in pitiful conditions Socialist parties based on Marxist ideas developed; government repression forced the to go underground After Russia is defeated by Japan, discontent and opposition to the czar explodes in to the Revolution of 1905; massive group of workers go to the winter palace to present the czar with their grievances; troops open fire on the group becomes known as “Bloody Sunday”; workers throughout Russia strike Result: Nicholas II is forced to grant civil liberties and create the Duma; reforms short-lived; by 1907 Nicholas has curtailed the powers of the Duma and ruled absolutely

United States Economy: Between 1870 – 1914, the U.S. became an industrial nation; by 1900, Carnegie Steel Company produced more steel than Britain Urbanization grew because of immigration; 40% of population lived in cities by 1900 By 1900, U.S. had become the world’s richest nation; serious problems existed: 9% of Americans owned 71% of wealth; labor unions organized; American Federation of Labor emerged as the main voice for labor but lacked real power

Albert Einstein: 1905; published his theory of relativity: states that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer; he concluded that matter is another form of energy – led to an understanding of energy contained within in an atom – known as the Atomic Age

Freud and Psychoanalysis: , published The Interpretation of Dreams; he argued human behavior was determined by past experiences and internal forces of which people were unaware; therefore he concluded painful and unsettling experiences were repressed but continued to influence behavior because they were apart of your unconscious - psychoanalysis: method by which therapist and patient could probe deep into the memory; if patient’s conscious mind could be made aware of what was contained in his unconscious then the patient could be healed

. Anti-Semitism and Zionism: - Anti Semitism is hostility and discrimination against Jews; Since Middle Ages, Jews had been portrayed as the murders of Christ, subjected to mob violence, and had their rights restricted s and 1890s, anti-Semitic political parties sprang up in Germany and Austria-Hungary; won votes of people who felt threatened by the changing economic forces - worst treatment of Jews occurred in Eastern Europe(72% of world’s Jewish population lived here); Jews were forced to live in certain regions of the country; persecutions and programs were widespread - To escape persecution, many Jews emigrated to the U.S. and Palestine, where Zionist headed by Theodor Herzl wanted to establish a Jewish homeland and state; remained a dream in the early 1900s