Semester 2 Midterm

40 Multiple Choice Questions 4 Extra Credit Questions No FRQ Regular Class Period

Units: 6: Testing and Individual Differences (15 questions) Modules 31 – 33 7: Learning (15 questions) Modules 21 – 22 13: Abnormal Psychology (10 questions) Modules 48 – 49

Midterm Review

Intelligence Test a method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Aptitude Tests tests designed to predict a person’s future performance

Thurstone Known for his 7 clusters of primary mental abilities.

Emotional Intelligence the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Creativity The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

Savant Syndrome A person with one exceptional ability, but limited mental ability in the others.

100 Average score on an IQ test.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

Eugenics 19 th century movement that encouraged only smart and fit people to reproduce.

7 Age in which intelligence scores begin to stabilize.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Alfred Binet French psychologist who invented the first intelligent test.

Flynn Effect Worldwide rise in IQ scores since the 1920s due to better nutrition and increasing years of schooling.

Lewis Terman Stanford professor who adapted Binet’s test for American school children and called it the Stanford-Binet test.

Howard Gardner Known for his theory of multiple intelligences which includes musical and kinesthetic intelligences.

Mental Age the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

Achievement Tests tests designed to assess what a person has learned.

Robert Sternberg Known for his Three Aspects of Intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Aptitude the capacity to learn

Intelligence mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Normal Curve A bell shaped curve in which most scores fall near the average and fewer scores are at the extremes.

Stereotype Threat a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

4 Age in which intelligence scores begin predicting adult scores.

Bias Differences in performances caused by cultural experiences detected on tests.

General Intelligence (g) Spearman’s theory that a single intelligence underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

John Watson Psychologist famous for conducting the “Little Albert” experiments on behavior.

Classical Conditioning Type of conditioning which uses two or more stimuli presented together to obtain a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that automatically triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response An automatic, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus A neutral stimulus at first, but when paired with the unconditioned stimulus, it elicits the conditioned response.

Conditioned Response The learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition Learning to give a known response to a new stimulus. It is what occurs when you learn something new.

Extinction The diminishing response to a conditioned stimulus after a period of inactivity.

Spontaneous Recovery After extinction, and without training, the conditioned response returns after being exposed to the conditioned stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov The psychologist known for his work with classical conditioning.

Generalization The tendency to respond to stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus. (i.e. Pavlov’s dog would salivate at different tones.)

Operant Conditioning Learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

E.L. Thorndike Psychologist who created the puzzle box to determine if cats can learn.

B.F. Skinner Behaviorist most widely known for his work in operant conditioning.

Albert Bandura Psychologist famous for Bobo Doll experiments, which found that children imitate what they see.

Skinner Box (Operant Chamber) A box designed to release a reward when a lever was pushed.

Positive Reinforcement Using positive stimuli to strengthen a response. (i.e. Give candy for correct answer.)

Negative Reinforcement Removing a negative stimulus to strengthen a response. (i.e. Turning off an alarm clock.)

Primary reinforcers Reinforcers that are inborn. (i.e. food, oxygen, etc.)

Conditioned Reinforcers Learned reinforcers. (i.e. money, grades, etc.)

Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Partial Reinforcement Responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not.

Fixed-ratio schedule Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses. (i.e. Candy for every 5 correct answer.)

Variable-ratio schedule Reinforce after an unpredictable number of response. (i.e. slot machines)

Fixed-interval schedule Reinforce after a fixed time period. (i.e. checking mail at same time every day.)

Variable-interval schedule Reinforce after an unpredictable amount of time. (i.e. checking for ACT score online)

Punishment An event that decreases the behavior it follows.

Cognitive Map A mental representation of one’s environment.

Latent learning Demonstrate learning only when there is incentive to demonstrate it.

Intrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Extrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or punishment.

Learned Helplessness The feeling of helplessness that results from repeated failed attempts.

Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Different from most people.

Disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

He conducted a study that criticized the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses and the labeling of patients.

Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

When an individual experiences repeated attacks of intense anxiety, along with a number of symptoms including chest pain, choking, sweating, etc.

Unexplainable and continually tense and uneasy feeling.

Intense, irrational fear and avoidance of specific object or situation.

Fear of being out in public.

Fear of heights.

Fear of enclosed spaces.

Fear of being scrutinized by others.

Unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that you feel compelled to perform.

A disorder in which some trauma experienced by the victim triggers haunting memories, nightmares, and social withdrawal.

From the learning perspective, the theory that anxiety develops when bad events happen.

From the learning perspective, the theory that we acquire fears by observing others’ fears.

Disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Personality disorder in which a person overvalues their own self-worth and can’t take criticism.

Personality disorder marked by unstable identity, unstable relationships, and impulsive emotions.

Personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.