Family Tree Exercise Questions Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper: What traits do you have that you think you have inherited? What traits do you have that you think you have developed or learned over time (i.e.- not inherited)? Why do you think some traits are inherited and others are not?

The Seven Ages of Man Unit IX. Development3

The Last Stage “TOAST” Unit IX. Development4

Why study development??? Childhood experiences affect people as adolescents and adults. By studying development, we can learn about developmental problems. Causes Solutions

Motor and Verbal Abilities ( Source Fernald and Fernald) 1. Walks alone; says several words 2. Describes the difference between a bird and a dog 3. Turns head to follow moving object 4. Names penny, nickel, and dime 5. Climbs stairs; says many words 6. Laces shoes 7. Sits alone for one minute; says "da-da" 8. Tells how a baseball and an orange or an airplane and a kite are alike 9. Puts on shoes 10. Tells time to quarter-hour 11. Runs; uses simple word combinations 12. Walks while holding onto something Unit IX. Development6

Proper sequence is 3, 7, 12, 1, 5, 11, 9, 6, 4, 2, 10, 8. Unit IX. Development7

Proper Sequence 2 Months / Turns head to follow moving object 9 months / Sits alone for 1 minute: says “da-da” 1 year / Walks while holding on to something 1 year 3 months / Walks alone, says several words 1 year six months / Climbs stairs, says many words 2 years / Runs, uses simple word combinations 3 years / Puts on shoes 4 years / Laces shoes 5 years / Names penny, nickel, and dime 6 years / Describes the difference between a bird and a dog 7 years / Tells time to the quarter hour 8 years / Tells how a baseball and an orange and an airplane and a kite are alike Unit IX. Development8

Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology – The psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environment influences. Psychologists often ask: How does heredity (nature) and the environment (nurture) influence human development? Known as the NATURE vs. NURTURE ISSUE! Does development occur gradually or in stages?

The Nature vs. Nurture Interaction Twin Studies Identical Twins – A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals. Identical twins have exactly the same genes. However, they also have some different preferences, which gives us some insight into the influences of nature vs. nurture. “Bob Twins” and “Jim Twins”

The Nature vs. Nurture Interaction Fraternal Twins – A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb. Fraternal twins, on the average, have about 50% of their genetic material in common.

Gradual Versus Abrupt Change Continuity View – The perspective that development is gradual and continuous – as opposed to the discontinuity view. Discontinuity View – The perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuous) fashion – as opposed to the continuity view.

Gradual versus Abrupt Change Developmental Stages – Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning.

Prenatal Development Prenatal Period – The developmental period before birth. Zygote – A fertilized egg. Embryo – The name of of the developing organism during the first eight weeks after conception. Fetus – In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth. Placenta – The organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother. Teratogens – Substances from the environment that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period.

The Neonatal Period Neonatal Period – In humans, the neonatal (newborn) period extends through the first month after birth. Develop the ability to respond to stimulation from all of our senses.

Infancy and Childhood: Building on the Neonatal Blueprint Infancy – In humans, infancy spans the time between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language – usually at about 18 months to 2 years.

Maturation and Critical Period Maturation – The automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals. Critical Period – A stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior.

Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Infancy: Birth to Age 2(Rapid Development) During pregnancy, infants grow 20 inches or more and weigh up to a billion more times than at conception. First 5 months: Double birth weight 1st year: Triple birth weight, grow 10 inches. 2 nd year: Gain 4-7 lbs., grow four to six inches.

Physical Development: Reflexes Reflex – Inborn, involuntary response or reaction. Examples – Swallowing, breathing, sneezing, coughing, blinking. During the stages of development, some reflexes remain, while others dissappear.

Infancy and Childhood Development Attachment – The enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver. Imprinting – A primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear.

Infancy and Childhood Development Contact Comfort – Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver. Maturation – The process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time.

Cognitive Development Jean Piaget – Psychologist who studied Cognitive Development in Children. Said children are intrinsically motivated to explore and understand things.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Schemas: Schemas – In Piaget’s theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child’s thought. Assimilation – A mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemas. Accommodation – A mental process that restructures existing schemas so that new information is better understood.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 1: Sensory Motor Stage (Birth to 2 years) Use taste and touch senses to understand their worlds. Object Permanence – An awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. Mental Representations – The ability to see and manipulate objects in your head. Self Recognition – The ability to recognize one’s self.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) Thought is still tightly bound to physical and perceptual experiences. Egocentrism – Difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view. Have trouble considering the past and future.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 2 Preoperational Stage (Continued): Animistic Thinking – A mode of though in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes. Centration – A thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time. Irreversibility – The inability, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) More flexible thinking Learn to consider more than one part of problem at a time. Learn to look at the situation from someone else’s point of view. Still stuck in the here and now.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (Continued) Conservation – The understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away. Mental Operations – Solving problems by manipulating images in one’s mind.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (11- years) Begin to think abstractly Capable of going beyond the here and now to understand things.

Criticisms of Piaget Do stages really always progress in an orderly fashion? Do you really have to pass one stage before moving onto the next? Are infants’ minds really that simple? What about human diversity?

Social and Emotional Development Theory of Mind – An awareness that other people’s behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one’s own.

Social and Emotional Development Temperament – An individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reaction. Assumed to have a strong genetic basis. Zone of Proximal Development – The difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance.

Social Development: Attachment Attachment – The emotional ties that form between people. Infants to mothers about 4 months Stranger Anxiety – Fear of strangers (8 months) Separation Anxiety – Causes infants to cry or behave in other ways that indicate distress if their mothers leave them.

Social Development: Attachment Secure Attachment – Occurs when caregivers are affectionate and reliable. Children do well in school, are mature, etc. Insecure attachment – Occurs when caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable. Children do well in school, behavior problems.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Why mom’s? Basic Trust – When babies needs are met in the first year, they learn to trust people. Leads to Autonomy – Sense of independence and willingness to explore! If needs are not met, they become insecure and anxious. Erikson referred to the two possible outcomes as trust vs. mistrust.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Autonomy Age 2: As autonomy grows, children become rebellious against parents. Answer NO to almost everything. Leads to conflict Socialization - The process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and their culture. Autonomy versus shame and doubt – If child fails to acquire a sense of independence at this stage, shame and self doubt may take hold.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Ages 3 to 6: Children take initiative to independently complete tasks. Initiative vs. Guilt – Stage at which children develop a sense of joy in taking on new tasks, or a sense of worthlessness, resentment, and guilt for failing at new tasks. Depends heavily on parenting.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Authoritarian Parents rigidly control behavior and demand unquestioning obedience. Children generally have poor communication skills, are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Permissive - Indifferent Exert too little control, failing to set limits on their children’s behavior. Parents are neglectful and inattentive, providing little emotional support. Children tend to become overly dependent and lack social skills and self-control.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Permissive – Indulgent Parents are very attentive and supportive of their children, but fail to set appropriate limits on their behavior. Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, impulsive, and out of control.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Authoritative Most successful parenting style. Provide firm structure and guidance without being overly controlling. Listen to children’s opinions and give explanations for their decisions, still making it clear they are the ones who make and enforce the rules. Children are likely to be self-reliant and socially responsible.

Social Development: Child Abuse and Neglect Effects of child abuse and neglect: Develop psychological disorders Insecure Less self confidence Depression and Anxiety Lead to future abuse and neglect by the abused child.

Adolescent Development Adolescence – In industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending (less clearly) at adulthood.

Adolescence and Culture Rites of Passage – Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood.

Physical Maturation in Adolescence Puberty – The onset of sexual maturation. Primary Sex Characteristics – The sex organs and genitals. Secondary Sex Characteristics – Gender-related physical features that develop during puberty, including facial hair and deepening voice in males, widening hips and enlarged breasts in females, and development of pubic hair in both sexes.

Cognitive Development in Adolescence Formal Operational Stage – The last of Piaget’s stages, during which abstract thought appears.

Social and Emotional Issues in Adolescence The Increasing Influence of Peers A Period of Turmoil Delinquency

Sexual Issues in Adolescence Same Sex Orientation in Adolescence Heterosexual Behavior in Adolescence

Moral Development The ability to make choices based on morals, or what is right and wrong. Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Stages Stage 1: Pre- conventional Level Preadolescent Children Base their judgments of right or wrong behavior on whether it is rewarded or punished, or whether or not it satisfies their own needs.

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Stages Stage 2: Conventional Stage Adolescence Define right behavior by what pleases or helps others. Mid-adolescence – begin considering abstract social virtues, such as being a “good citizen” and respecting authority.

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Stages Stage 3: Post-conventional Stage Emphasizes abstract principles such as justice, liberty, and equality when making decisions. Moral standards become the guidepost for what is right and wrong. Discrepancies between what is moral and what is legal develop.

Criticisms of Kohlberg Many never progress beyond the Conventional Stage. Does that mean they’re underdeveloped? Where do values like caring and alleviating suffering fit in the stages?

Erikson on Adulthood Challenges of Adulthood Early Adulthood Isolation vs. Intimacy – Whether or not one can develop the ability to make a full commitment – emotional, moral, and sexual – to another person.

Erikson on Adulthood Challenges of Adulthood Midlife Generativity vs. Stagnation – The desire to contribute to family, work, society, or future generations.

Erikson on Adulthood Challenges of Adulthood Old Age Ego-integrity vs. Despair – The ability to look back on one’s life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness.

Aging Consider and understand the effects of aging on: Vision Hearing Thinking, learning, and problem solving Memory (Alzheimer’s Disease) Sexual Functioning Social Interaction (Selective Social Interaction) Emotions