The Renaissance & Reformation Chapters 13 & 15

Renaissance  Renaissance= “Rebirth”  change from ancient/medieval times to modern Applied to cultural changes= more emphasis on “self” instead of religion  Humanism: focused on individual & intellectual achievement; studied classic culture of Greece & Rome  Humanities: subjects of rhetoric, poetry, history  Petrarch= humanist poet

Italian Renaissance  Italy= birthplace of Renaissance and of Catholic Church, center of Roman Empire Catholic Church= patron of the arts  Italy= Center of trade, good location

Renaissance Art  Art reflected humanist ideas & techniques  Perspective: allowed artists to create realistic scenes & looked 3-D Leonardo Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael

Writers  Book of Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione How to be a well-mannered, well-educated, aristocrat or courtier  The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli Guide for how rulers should gain and maintain power/ code of conduct These are both “how to” books!

Printing Revolution  Northern Europe= good economy  Printing Press: (1440)invented by Johann Gutenburg  1455: First Bible printed  Printed books= easier to produce, affordable= PRINTING REVOLUTION!

Northern Renaissance  Flanders: Prosperous city of Renaissance--> center of trade  Painters used realism and vibrant colors to paint landscapes and religious scenes  Albrecht Durer: Italian painter & pioneer in spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Northern Europe  Made engravings popular & used religious themes

Renaissance Writers  Erasmus: translated Bible into vernacular to be understood by common people  William Shakespeare: poet/playwright wrote 37 plays, complex language, genius mqpzdU&feature=share&list=UUAiABuhVS MZJMqyv4Ur5XqA

What was the Renaissance? 2 Parts: 1. A shift in thought:  A focus on the right now & secular/“worldly”, rather than the religious/Heaven  New emphasis on individual achievement/self 2. An openness to experimentation: Exploring the world (Columbus) Scientific inquiry (Galileo, Copernicus) Trying new techniques in art (Michelangelo) Challenging religious doctrine (Luther)

Renaissance & Religion  1500s Renaissance leads to religious confusion People questioned the lavish lifestyles of the clergy (Popes & priests) People questioned the authority of the Roman Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation  Martin Luther: German monk in Wittenburg Outraged that Church sold indulgences to Christians to pay for rebuilding of cathedral in Rome Indulgences: replaced punishments for sins  95 Theses: arguments against pope & Church nailed to church doors  furious debate

Protestant Reformation  Charles V (5 th ): Holy Roman Emperor summoned Luther to assembly & ordered him to change 95 Theses  Luther refused, because he believed all Christians deserved equal access to God & Bible  Printing presses spread Luther’s message & it became the Protestant Reformation

Calvinists  John Calvin: challenged Catholic church in Switzerland & agreed w/ Luther  Predestination: belief that all events have already been determined by God  Set up theocracy (church+govt) & spread reforms, gained followers= Calvinists

REFORMATION IDEAS SPREAD

Protestant Groups  Reformation spreads, new Protestant sects(groups) organize to influence many countries  Many rejected Catholic idea of infant baptism “children not old enough to make decision of salvation”  Gives rise to new denominations: Baptists, Amish, Methodists, etc…

English Reformation  Henry VIII: broke w/ Catholic Church to divorce wife, Catherine of Aragon Had 1 child: Mary Tudor, but wanted son Divorced Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn Catholic pope refused to annul marriage

English Ref (cont)  Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII established himself as head of Church of England Catholics refused to recognize this  Elizabeth I: daughter of Henry & Anne B Takes throne after Mary dies (After Edward)  Edward VI: son of Henry w/ 6 th wife, took age of 9 Made many Protestant reforms

Catholic Reformation  Catholics wanted to end corruption w/in Church & revive Catholic faith  Council of Trent, est. education  Mary Tudor restored Catholicism in England, est. Inquisition Tortured & executed Protestants

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

The Center of the Universe  Heart of Scientific Revolution= mathematical reasoning  Before 1500s= earth was center of universe  Heliocentric: Sun-centered universe Discovered by Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)  Tycho Brahe: provided evidence to support Copernicus’ theory

Earth, Space, & the Church  Johannes Kepler: used Brahe’s info to calculate planetary orbit  Galileo: assembled telescope & saw 4 moons of Jupiter Attacked by society & the Church because he challenged Christian teachings

Science & Methods  Hypothesis: scientists used observations, experiments, & data to explain reasoning  Process became known as scientific method  Sir Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes= developed scientific method

Science of Change  Robert Boyle: explained matter is composed of particles  chemistry  Isaac Newton: used mathematics to show planetary orbits & force of gravity Also developed calculus to explain his theories