Chapter 16 – The Reformation of Europe

Section 1 – The Protestant Reformation

Christian Humanism Leading Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus Movement believed in the individual’s capacity to understand Christ and his message Felt that the Catholic Church should become simpler Felt that faith should be more inward and the outward displays of faith were not as important Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.

Selling of indulgences was particularly despised Church officials of the time were more associated with worldly pursuits of money and power than faith. Selling of indulgences was particularly despised

Martin Luther – German monk and reformer Luther was outraged by the corruption of the Church, particularly with the selling of indulgences. He laid out his issues with the Church in a document called the 95 Theses – nailed to the front door of the church in Wittenberg.

Luther’s plan of salvation – faith over deeds In Luther’s attacks on the Church, he spared only two sacraments: The Eucharist Baptism

The Diet of Worms Charles V demanded that Luther recant his position. The monk refused. This was after his excommunication by Pope Leo X. A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong. Charles V Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Martin Luther

Lutheranism changed the cultural landscape in Europe.

Section 2 – The Spread of Protestantism

Swiss priest Ulrich Zwingli (left) represented one of the first deviations within Lutheranism or Protestantism. He was killed by enemies of Protestantism. John Calvin (lower left) took up the movement. Calvinism Justification through faith Omniscience of God explained pre-destination

Henry VIII of England The Act of Supremacy of 1534 Anne Boleyn Thomas More The Act of Supremacy of 1534

The Anabaptists Core beliefs: Complete separation of church and state John of Leiden Core beliefs: Complete separation of church and state Adult baptism in lieu of infant baptism Practice the early form of Christianity

Impacts of the Protestant Reformation Growth of public and secondary schools Humanism as a teaching tool Seizing Catholic properties brought a shot of wealth into local economy Modification of views of marriage as it relates to priests and ministers

The Counter-Reformation – The Jesuits The Society of Jesus or Jesuits were established in 1540. Vow of absolute obedience to the pope Schools were their major tool of conversion and education. Were very successful in re-introducing Catholicism in predominantly Lutheran areas. Ignatius of Loyola

The Counter-Reformation – Papacy Reform Pope Paul III was the leader responsible for the demand for change and reform. 1535 – called for a reform commission to identify and create solutions for the problems of the Catholic Church Called for a meeting on the matter, entitled the Council of Trent. Pope Paul III

The Counter-Reformation – Council of Trent The Council of Trent refers to a series of meetings of high Church officials between 1545 and 1563 in northern Italy. Results? Reaffirmed core Church doctrine in contrast to Reformation ideas. Faith and good works required for salvation. Seven sacraments and priestly celibacy were upheld as was the purgatory idea. Indulgences outlawed