Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Human Body Understanding the normal body is basis for analyzing disease Structure Functions

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Studies of the Human Body Anatomy - study of body structure Physiology - study of how the body functions Pathology - study of disease

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Levels of Organization Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Body systems

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Levels of organization

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-1: In studying the human body, one may concentrate on its structure or function. What are these two studies called?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Systems Protection, support, and movement –Integumentary –Skeletal –Muscular Coordination and control –Nervous –Endocrine Circulation –Cardiovascular –Lymphatic

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Systems, cont’d Nutrition and fluid balance –Respiratory –Digestive –Urinary Production of offspring –Reproductive

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Specialized groups of cells form what? a. tissues b. organs c. organelles

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. tissues

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Metabolism and Its Regulation Types of metabolism Catabolism - large substances broken into smaller substances. –Energy is released Anabolism - smaller substances used to build larger ones. –Energy is absorbed

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Homeostasis Fluid balance - 2 types of fluid Extracellular - all body fluids outside the cells. Example - blood, lymph Intracellular fluid - fluid contained within the cells. Feedback - 2 types –Negative feedback - reverses the upward or downward shift. –Positive feedback - a given action promotes more of the same action

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Comparison of positive and negative feedback.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Effects of Aging Obvious Not visible

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-2: Metabolism is divided into a breakdown phase and a building phase. What are these two phases called?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-3: What type of system is mainly used to maintain homeostasis?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directions in the Body Consistent terms are used to designate position and direction to avoid awkwardness and inaccuracy.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms Superior - above, higher –Inferior - below, lower Ventral (anterior) - front of the body –Dorsal (posterior) - nearer to the back Cranial - nearer towards the head –Caudal - nearer to the sacrum Medial - towards the midline –Lateral - away from the midline Proximal - nearer to the origin of the structure –Distal - farther from the origin

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional terms. ZOOMING IN What is the scientific name for the position in which this subject is standing?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Division Frontal (coronal) - divides into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) Sagittal - divides into left and right Transverse (horizontal) - divides into superior and inferior

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What does “medial” mean? a. Toward the midline of the body b. Away from the midline of the body c. Above the midline of the body

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. Toward the midline of the body

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of division. ZOOMING IN Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissue Sections Cross section - cut across Longitudinal (transverse) section Oblique section - made at an angle

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-4: What are the three planes in which the body can be cut? What kind of plane divides the body into halves?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Cavities Internally, the body is divided into spaces, or cavities, that contain organs.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body cavities, lateral view. ZOOMING IN What cavity contains the diaphragm?

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Dorsal Cavity Two main cavities Cranial Spinal

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ventral Cavity Has two main cavities separated by diaphragm Thoracic –Pericardial cavity - contains the heart –Pleural cavity - contains the lungs Mediastinum - space between the lungs Abdominopelvic –Abdominal (superior) cavity - contains stomach, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen –Pelvic (inferior) cavity - bladder, repro organs, rectum

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The thoracic cavity.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: True or False?: The pelvic cavity is superior to the abdominal cavity.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: False: The pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-5: There are two main body cavities, one posterior and one anterior. Name these two cavities.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Regions of the Abdomen Epigastric - under breastbone Umbilical (navel) Hypogastric - under navel Hypochondriac - Right and Left of epigastric Lumbar - right and left of umbilical Inguinal (iliac) - right and left of hypogastric

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The nine regions of the abdomen.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quadrants of the Abdomen Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quadrants of the abdomen.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-6: Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Metric System Each multiple is indicated by a prefix. Kilo- Centi- Milli- Micro-

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Units of Length Meter - unit Kilometer - 1,000 meters Centimeter - 1/100 - there are 100 centimeters in a meter Millimeter - 1/1,000 - there are 1,000 millimeters in a meter

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Units of Weight Gram Kilogram Milligram

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which is heaviest? a. a milligram b. a kilogram c. a pound

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: b. A kilogram is heaviest (1 kg = 2.2 pounds).

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Units of Volume Liter Milliliter

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Temperature Celsius (centigrade) scale

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-7: Name the basic units of length, weight, and volume in the metric system.

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation