Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850 Series of acts passed to solve the dispute b/t the north and the south Series of acts passed to solve the dispute b/t the north and the south Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and Stephen Douglas supported the Compromise Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and Stephen Douglas supported the Compromise John C. Calhoun led the opposition John C. Calhoun led the opposition D.C. and Calf. Join as free states D.C. and Calf. Join as free states Stricter Fugitive Slave Law passed Stricter Fugitive Slave Law passed Utah and New Mexico would practice popular sovereignty in becoming states over the slave issue Utah and New Mexico would practice popular sovereignty in becoming states over the slave issue

Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act Slaves denied trial by jury Slaves denied trial by jury Could not testify on their own behalf Could not testify on their own behalf All that was needed was a statement from the slave owner All that was needed was a statement from the slave owner Federal commissioners received $10 to return a slave and $5 to free a slave Federal commissioners received $10 to return a slave and $5 to free a slave If you helped a fugitive slave you were fined $1,000 or 6 months in jail, or both If you helped a fugitive slave you were fined $1,000 or 6 months in jail, or both Beaten Slave

Protest, Resistance, and Violence The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad personal liberty laws – passed by 9 northern states to resist Fugitive Slave Law personal liberty laws – passed by 9 northern states to resist Fugitive Slave Law forbade imprisonment of fugitive slaves forbade imprisonment of fugitive slaves guaranteed trial by jury guaranteed trial by jury

Protest, Resistance, and Violence The Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Born into slavery in 1820 or 1821 died at the age of 93 Freed over 300 slaves on the UR including her parents Tubman in 1880

Protest, Resistance, and Violence Uncle Toms Cabin Uncle Toms Cabin Written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe Written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe spoke out about the injustices of slavery spoke out about the injustices of slavery This book became a best seller in the North – over a million copies by 1853 This book became a best seller in the North – over a million copies by 1853 “So you are the little bitty woman that started this great big war” – Abraham Lincoln “So you are the little bitty woman that started this great big war” – Abraham Lincoln

Protest, Resistance, and Violence Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act Stephen A. Douglas Stephen A. Douglas Nebraska Territory into two states to balance power Nebraska Territory into two states to balance power Repeal Missouri Compromise and give Popular Sovereignty to states Repeal Missouri Compromise and give Popular Sovereignty to states Believed one would be slave and the other non-slave Believed one would be slave and the other non-slave Made into Law in 1854 Made into Law in 1854

Protest, Resistance, and Violence “Bleeding Kansas” “Bleeding Kansas” Term given to violence erupting in Kansas over slavery Term given to violence erupting in Kansas over slavery Both pro-slave and abolitionists began sending settlers in for the statehood vote. Both pro-slave and abolitionists began sending settlers in for the statehood vote.

Protest, Resistance, and Violence “Bleeding Kansas” Kansas divides over slavery Sets up two separate gov’t. Civil war breaks out b/t pro and anti slavery gov’t. John Brown a staunch abolitionist Wanted to avenge the death of 5 men from “Sack of Lawrence Along with a posse – took 5 pro slave supporters, cut off their hands and stabbed them

The Birth of the Republican Party Chap 10, Sec 3 In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and lead to the birth of new ones.

The Birth of the Republican Party Slavery Divides Whigs Slavery Divides Whigs Northern Whigs – apposed to slavery, Fugitive Slave Act, and lukewarm over Compromise of 1850 Northern Whigs – apposed to slavery, Fugitive Slave Act, and lukewarm over Compromise of 1850 Southern Whigs – pro-slavery, supported Compromise of 1850 to appear both pro-slave and pro-Union Southern Whigs – pro-slavery, supported Compromise of 1850 to appear both pro-slave and pro-Union

The Birth of the Republican Party Slavery Divides Whigs Slavery Divides Whigs Election of 1852 Election of 1852 Whigs divided over slavery Whigs divided over slavery Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 Ended in 1854 over opposing opinions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act Ended in 1854 over opposing opinions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Birth of the Republican Party Know-Nothing Party Know-Nothing Party Nativism – favored native born Americans over immigrants Nativism – favored native born Americans over immigrants - Originally called the American Party – used secret hand shakes and passwords - Originally called the American Party – used secret hand shakes and passwords - When asked about there activities they were to say “I know nothing” – hence Know-Nothing Party - When asked about there activities they were to say “I know nothing” – hence Know-Nothing Party

The Birth of the Republican Party Know-Nothing Party Middle class Protestants Anti-immigrants and Catholic – believed the Pope was influencing them to over throw democracy Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery

The Birth of the Republican Party Free-Soilers Mostly northerners did not win any elections; 10% in 1848 Sent a clear message - opposed to the extension of slavery in new territories – not for abolition denied blacks to vote or settlement in their communities feared slavery would drive down wages of white workers “Didn’t want to free man wanted to free soil” – William Lloyd Garrison

Republican Party July 6, 1854 July 6, 1854 Founded in part by Horace Greeley Founded in part by Horace Greeley Editor of the New York Tribune Editor of the New York Tribune Opposed expansion of slavery into territories. Opposed expansion of slavery into territories. Opposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act and keeping slavery out of the territories Opposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act and keeping slavery out of the territories

Slavery and Secession Dred Scott Dred Scott A slave from Missouri who lived in the free territory of Wisconsin for two years A slave from Missouri who lived in the free territory of Wisconsin for two years Sued his owner for his freedom claiming that living on free soil should make him free Sued his owner for his freedom claiming that living on free soil should make him free

Slavery and Secession Dred Scott v. Sanford Dred Scott v. Sanford Court ruled on three major points Court ruled on three major points Scott had no right to sue as a slave, because slaves were not citizens Scott had no right to sue as a slave, because slaves were not citizens Slaves were property and Congress could not deprive any person of property, then Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory Slaves were property and Congress could not deprive any person of property, then Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Case opened all territories up to slavery Case opened all territories up to slavery

Slavery and Secession Lincoln/Douglass Debates for Senate Douglas: slavery backward, not immoral; Lincoln: slavery immoral Douglas thinks popular sovereignty will undo slavery

Slavery and Secession Lincoln/Douglas Debates for Senate Lincoln/Douglas Debates for Senate Lincoln thinks legislation needed to stop spread of slavery Both men distort other’s views, make them seem extreme

Slavery and Secession Harpers Ferry: John Brown’s Raid Harpers Ferry: John Brown’s Raid John Brown attempted to start a slave uprising at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859 John Brown attempted to start a slave uprising at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859 Plan: to take the arsenal and distribute weapons to the slaves Plan: to take the arsenal and distribute weapons to the slaves No slaves showed up to help No slaves showed up to help

Slavery and Secession Harpers Ferry Brown was captured, was tried and found guilty of treason Brown was hanged for his crime Northerners hail Brown as hero, Southerners despise him

Slavery and Secession Election of 1860 Election of 1860 The election was highly contested The election was highly contested Four parties participated: Republicans, Northern Democrats, Southern Democrats, and Constitutional Unionists Four parties participated: Republicans, Northern Democrats, Southern Democrats, and Constitutional Unionists Each party had their own candidate Each party had their own candidate Lincoln wins all the northern states and becomes president Lincoln wins all the northern states and becomes president Proved free states had enough electoral votes to override the popular vote – and the South Proved free states had enough electoral votes to override the popular vote – and the South

Election of 1860

Slavery and Secession Secession South Carolina and 6 other states secede: want complete independence from federal control fear end to their way of life want to preserve slave labor system

Slavery and Secession Secession Feb Confederacy or Confederate States of America forms Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes each state’s sovereignty Former senator Jefferson Davis unanimously elected president