The Crisis of Union "...but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." Abraham Lincoln 2 nd Inaugural Address, 4 th March 1865

MEXICAN WAR –

UNITED STATES

DAVID WILMOT REPRESENTATIVE PENNSYLVANIA

JOHN C. CALHOUN, SOUTH CAROLINA

ZACHARY TAYLOR WHIG LEWIS CASS DEMOCRAT MARTIN VAN BUREN FREE SOIL PARTY WINNER: ZACHARY TAYLOR

ZACHARY TAYLOR WAR HERO MEXICAN WAR LOUISIANA SLAVE OWNER (MORE THAN 100) OPPOSED SPREAD OF SLAVERY INTO NEW TERRITORIES DAUGHTER SARAH KNOX TAYLOR MARRIED JEFFERSON DAVIS, FUTURE PRESIDENT OF CONFEDERACY (SHE DIED 3 MONTHS INTO MARRIAGE OF MALARIA) DIED MYSTERIOUSLY WHILE IN OFFICE, AFTER ONLY 16 MONTHS AS PRESIDENT (GASTROENTERITIS)

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SITE OF FIRST GOLD DISCOVERY BY JAMES MARSHALL JAN 24, 1848

MODERN RECONSTRUCTION SUTTER’S MILL

SAN FRANCISCO HARBOR – MERCHANT SHIPS,

"The California Gold Rush, 1849" EyeWitness to History, (2003). Sheldon Schufelt, California 49er TODAY $ $ $ $

TODAY’S COST $2, $34.33 $28.61/LB $228.29/GALLON "The California Gold Rush, 1849" EyeWitness to History, (2003).

SENATOR HENRY CLAY KENTUCKY BECOMES KNOWN AS THE GREAT COMPROMISER ORIGINAL AUTHOR OF COMPROMISE 1850

GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT NEW JERSEY WHIG CANDIDATE PRESIDENT 1852 ELECTION

SENATOR DANIEL WEBSTER MASSACHUSETTS URGED FOR COMPROMISE

STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS ILLINOIS SENATOR REVISED COMPROMISE OF 1850 INCREASINGLY POPULAR AND WILL RUN FOR PRESIDENT AGAINST LINCOLN (DATED MARY TODD LINCOLN) “LITTLE GIANT”

Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler An 1856 cartoon depicts a giant free soiler being held down by James Buchanan and Lewis Cass standing on the Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America". Franklin Pierce also holds down the giant's beard as Douglas shoves a black man down his throat. free soilerJames BuchananLewis Cass DemocraticKansasCubaCentral America

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW POSTER, 1851 BOSTON, MA

Battle Hymn of the Republic (Union) -Julia Ward Howe, Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord, He hath trampled out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored. He hath loosed the fatefu8l lightning of his terrible swift sword. His truth is marching on. Glory, glory halleluja. Glory, glory halleluja. Glory, glory halleluja, his truth is marching on. **During the early days of the Civil War, Howe heard Union soldiers singing John Brown's Body. The melody stayed with her and she wrote the words to this song in 1861.

Dixie (Confederacy) -Daniel D. Emmet, I wish I was in the land of cotton, old times there are not forgotten, look away, look away, look away, Dixieland. In Dixieland where I was born in, early on one frosty mornin', look away, look away, look away, Dixieland. Then I wish I was in Dixie, hooray, hooray. In Dixieland I'll take my stand, to live and die in Dixie. Away, away, away down south in Dixie. ***This song was originally written for a traveling minstrel show. It became popular with Confederate troops during the Civil War.

THE EVE OF WAR

OMAHA, NEBRASKA TO SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA COMPLETED 1869

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 DID AWAY WITH MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)—36/30’ LATITUDE LINE  TURNED RAILROAD ISSUE INTO SLAVE ISSUE  SOLIDIFIED NORTHERNERS AND SOUTHERNERS BELIEFS TOWARD SLAVERY; EACH WENT FURTHER TOWARD EITHER EXTREME

 “I KEM TO KANSAS TO LIVE IN A FREE STATE,” DECLARED A MINISTER, “AND I DON’T WANT NIGGERS A-TRAMPIN’ OVER MY GRAVE  “BORDER RUFFIANS” VOWED TO KILL EVERY “GOD-DAMNED ABOLITIONIST IN THE TERRITORY”  BY ONLY 627 BLACK AMERICANS IN KANSAS TERRITORY

 “BLEEDING KANSAS”  “BLEEDING SUMNER”  “BULLY BROOKS”

 Born a slave in Virginia (1800)  Lived in free and slave states  When his master died in 1843 his wife, Harriet, convinced him to file suit in Missouri courts, arguing for freedom  Supreme Court:  Scott remains a slave  Slaves are not citizens and have no rights  Citizens can have slaves in any states; no laws by congress can prevent this  This essentially un-does all compromise up to that point!!!

 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. [ [

 Ran against one another senator and later for president  7 debates between Aug. 21-Oct. 15, 1858  Douglas: “there was a physical difference between the white and black races that would forever forbid the two races from living together on terms of social and political equality”  Lincoln: said blacks did have an “equal” right to freedom and the fruits of their labor

 Whatever the Supreme Court said about slavery, it couldn’t exist anywhere unless supported by local police regulations, according to Douglas (Lincoln had asked question regarding how Douglas would reconcile the notion of popular sovereignty given the Dred Scott ruling that citizens had the right to carry slaves into any territory)

Armory Guard House and Fire Engine circa 1862 (now known as John Brown's Fort) [Image Courtesy of: Historic Photo Collection, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park]

“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with Blood”

ELECTION OF 1860-LINCOLN WASN’T EVEN ON THE BALLOT IN MOST SOUTHERN STATES