The World At War

World War I Long-Term Causes (MAIN) Militarism- leads to large standing armies Alliances- divides Europe Imperialism- deepens rivalries Nationalism- increases competition

World War I Immediate Causes Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914) – Austria declares war on Serbia Alliance system requires nations to support allies

World War I Immediate Effects Generation of Europeans killed or wounded Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia New countries created League of Nations established

World War I Long-Term Effects Nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace settlements- especially Germany Forces that helped cause the war (nationalism, competition) remain

World War I First total war- resources and people mobilized at an unprecedented rate Characterized by: – Trench warfare – Modern weapons (machine guns, tanks, gas) – Stalemate

Treaty of Versailles League of Nations: International peace organization Germany and Russia not included

Treaty of Versailles Territorial Losses: Germany surrenders lands in Europe and colonies in Africa and Pacific

Treaty of Versailles Military Restrictions: Limits on size of German army Germany forbidden from building or buying war materials

Treaty of Versailles War Guilt: Sole responsibility for the war placed on Germany Germany forced to pay Allies $33 billion in reparations

Revolutionary Leaders Who: Lenin Country: Russia When: late 1890s-1924 Goal: Promote a world- wide Communist revolution led by workers

Revolutionary Leaders Who: Stalin Country: Russia When: early 1900s-1953 Goal: Perfect a Communist state in Russia through totalitarian rule

Revolutionary Leaders Who: Mao Zedong Country: China When: early 1900s-1976 Goal: Stage a Communist revolution in China led by peasants

Revolutionary Leaders Who: Gandhi Country: India When: late 1800s-1948 Goal: Achieve Indian self- rule through campaigns of civil disobedience

Totalitarianism A government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life

Totalitarian leaders in the 20 th Century Adolf Hitler (Germany) Benito Mussolini (Italy) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Kim Il Sung (North Korea) Saddam Hussein (Iraq)

The Great Depression Long-Term Causes: World economies are connected War debts from WWI Europe relies on American loans and investments Prosperity is built on borrowed money Wealth is unequally distributed

The Great Depression Immediate Causes: U.S. stock market crashes Banks demand repayment of loans Farms fail and factories close Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy Americans stop loans to foreign countries American banking system fails

The Great Depression Immediate Effects: Millions unemployed worldwide Businesses go bankrupt Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders

The Great Depression Long-term Effects: Nazis take control in Germany Fascists come to power in other countries Democracies try social welfare programs Japan expands in East Asia World War II breaks out

World War II Allies Foreign Policy: Appeasement U.S. Foreign Policy: Isolationism Event that results in war: Germany invasion of Poland

Theatres of the War Location: Europe – Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad Location: Pacific – Turning point: Battle of Midway Location: Africa – Turning point: Battle of Al Alamein

Victory Europe: – D-Day Invasion- May provides Allies with momentum to end the war – Hitler commits suicide Japan: – Bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima- August forces the Japanese surrender