FTTH Design and Network Basics PC-101-G FTTH Design and Network Basics Mark Boxer Applications Engineering Manager, OFS Jeff Bush Professional Services Manager, OFS

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

The world is changing In the past 15 years, we’ve seen… The Internet iPods HDTVs DVRs Smartphones (Blackberry, iPhone, etc) Tablet computers All of these revolutionary technologies require more BANDWIDTH (telecommunications capacity) We must expect and plan for more and faster changes in the future!

Video on all screens - HDTV Pixel An image is built on a screen, pixel by pixel, One HDTV program = 8-12 Mbps 1080 pixels TV 12 Mbps 1920 pixels 1 house = 48 Mbps bandwidth, just for video, today… How about tomorrow? TV 12 Mbps TV + DVR 24 Mbps

Video Evolution over next 5 – 10 years Today Source: OFS Estimates from Industry Data * ITU Recommendation J.601, Transport of Large Scale Digital Imagery (LSDI) applications

Video Bandwidth Growth Driving Fiber To The Home (FTTH) Data Rate to Each Home 10,000 2012 Offers 20 - 1,000 Mbps Fiber: 1,000 No limit!!* 100 Copper Speed 10 Top Tier Data Rate (Mb/s) Limit Digital 1 42% annual growth * Fiber limit is >50 Tbps 0.1 Increasing 4 times every 4 years 0.01 Analog Source: Technology futures and OFS 0.001 Modems Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Text Pictures Video HD SHD 3D

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

Why Fiber? Greater bandwidth, longer distance, lowest cost per bit 2400 Pair Copper Cable 100 Gbps to 1 KM 1 Fiber Cable >50 Tbps >5000 KM In the past large and heavy copper cables were the mainstay of telecommunication distribution networks and provided limited bandwidth. Optical fiber cables increased the bandwidth significantly at the same time that required much less space. OFS takes a new leap by offering mini cables with AllWave fiber and increases bandwidth capacity with relatively lower cost. Duct Sizes: Copper cable: 110mm Sta Loose Tube: 32/40mm Europe (20/25mm BT) MiDia: 8/10mm (10/12mm)

Why fiber? Lower cost, higher performance Feature Benefit High bandwidth High information carrying capacity Low attenuation Long distances without repeaters…less expensive Light weight Small size Easier installations Unobtrusive No metallic conductors No grounding problems No “crosstalk” Passive No power requirements No circuit protection needed Difficult to tap Very secure Inexpensive Widely deployable. Cost effective Metallic cable technologies are approaching their useful limits Copper (telephone) and coaxial cables (Cable TV) More expensive, less reliable, less capacity Wireless systems have significant capacity limitations Fiber optic cable is less expensive than copper, more reliable and has more capacity

Why fiber? FTTH lower operating expenses (OPEX) versus competing technologies Why? Fewer truck rolls Remote provisioning though software Increased reliability vs copper/coax electronics in field such DSL/HFC Savings estimates vs DSL/Hybrid Fiber-Coax FTTH Opex saves $100 to $250 per subscriber vs DSL or HFC

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

Wireless Loves Fiber (and vice versa)

Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the cell network Mobile bandwidth demand, driven by smartphones and video, is growing rapidly Fiber is needed to and up the tower for 4G networks and beyond Fiber has many advantages for cell network operators, shown below: Weight Tower loading/bracing Grounding Installation time Power losses Space Cooling requirements Bandwidth 13

Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Telephone and Cable Networks Telephone: FTTN – Fiber to the Curb/Node Cable: HFC – Hybrid Fiber Coax Switch or Node 12 - 24 fibers Central Office OLT Twisted Pair or coax Typical distance range 5 to 100 KM 150-1500 m Fiber to the Node, Copper/coax to the home Potential 24-100+ Mbps per subscriber (variable based on distance and metal cable quality) Asymmetric bandwidth (more downstream than upstream) There are two primary architectural options, that support FTTP - Point-to-point (P2P) and Passive Optical Network (PON) PON architecture can be of several types including APON (ATM PON), EPON (Ethernet PON) or GPON (Gigabit-capable PON) With a PON architecture using AllWave singlemode fiber, the distances can range up to 20 km or more. A PON architecture uses splitters to distribute the optical signal from one fiber into 4, 8, 16 or 32 fibers, each serving a single subscriber. The upstream and downstream bandwidth of the PON is shared by the subscribers. The minimum bandwidth that can be supplied is the total bandwidth of the PON in a given direction, divided by the number of splits in the PON. Broadcast Television can be easily implemented on the PON by transmitting an analog CATV type signal at the CO on to one fiber, and the signal goes through the splitter to be received by all users. At the subscriber the ONT converts the signals from optical to electrical. Typically, in home distribution of voice is by existing phone wire, data by CAT5 cable or wireless, and Video by COAX. It’s possible that fiber will be used for in home distribution in the future. Read points from slide. Point-to point (P2P) Switched Ethernet Point to point can be from the CO directly to the home, but this is a very expensive approach since it requires huge amounts of fiber (great for us but the service provider may not be so happy!). It also requires a large space in the CO to accommodate and manage connectivity for one port for each user. This can be a huge problem since a CO can serve 100,000 users. A more typical implementation of P2P is to have one or a few high bandwidth links from the CO to remote Ethernet switches, which have one port connected to each subscriber. Using AllWave fiber, OLT-Ethernet switch distances range from 10-100 km The data rate per user can range from 10 Mb/s to 100 Mb/s or more. Ethernet switch to homes (ONT) ranges from 100 meters to 2 km using low-cost multimode fiber optics and laser optimized multimode fiber such as LaserWave fiber Ethernet switch to home distance is 2-10 km range using singlemode fiber and low cost optics At the subscriber the ONT converts the signals from optical to electrical. Typically, in home distribution of voice is by existing phone wire, data by CAT5 cable or wireless, and Video by COAX. Read points from slide.

Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Power Network Fiber is an integral part of the utility communications network Substation to substation communications, broad deployment Equipment within substations, broad deployment FTTH in limited cases Smart grid initiatives are changing the nature of power delivery Transmission Distribution Nuclear Renewable Smart Meter Micro Grid --:Information --:Power

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

FTTH Electronics ONU Fiber A typical FTTH network has an “Optical Line Terminal” (OLT) or switch at the “Headend” or “Central Office” The OLT or switch converts incoming traffic into laser pulses and sends them down the fiber. ONU Fiber …And an “Optical Network Terminal” (ONT), media converter, or gateway in the home. The ONT converts the signals from light to electrical signals. The ONT contains ports to distribute signals on the existing home wiring (or wirelessly). The ONT may be either inside or outside the home.

Typical FTTH Architectures PON (Passive Optical Network) Incorporates a signal divider, such as an optical power splitter One fiber at the central office feeds many fibers in the field G-PON (Gigabit PON) and GE-PON (Gigabit Ethernet-PON) are the most common architectures Point-to-Point (“Active Ethernet”) One fiber in the headend = one fiber in the field PON OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter Point to point Switch Some equipment will serve both architectures

Summary of today’s common FTTH architectures GPON GE-PON Point to Point (Active Ethernet) Current gen Next gen Current gen Downstream bandwidth 2.4 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Upstream bandwidth Typical distance 20 km Wavelengths (nm), Downstream/Upstream) 1490 1310 1577 1270 1550 PON OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter Point to point Switch

l1, l2 WDM PON Networks Provides a dedicated wavelength (light color) per customer l3, l4 l15, l16 CO or Head End WDM Mux/DeMux l1, 3 -15 WDM Mux /DeMuxs 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 WDM Mux/DeMux 1 fiber per subscriber WDM Mux/DeMux 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 l2, 4, -16 WDM Mux/DeMux Typical 1 Gb/s up/down dedicated to each subscriber Longer reach than GPON or GE-PON Emerging technology

FTTB – Fiber to the Building (MDUs) Fiber to a switch or node with many ports to feed multiple customers Uses Cat 5 or higher copper wiring or coax to the unit Typical up to 100 Mb/s connection, limited by copper/coax bandwidth Can be either symmetric or asymmetric bandwidth Sometimes includes “fiber to the floor” Copper or coax cables Typical distance range 5 to 80 KM Unit 100 m max in building Central Office or Head End Single-mode Fiber Switch or node

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

Light as a Communications Method Used for hundreds of years “One if by land, two if by sea” Smoke Signals

John Tyndall and William Wheeler Demonstrated that light could be guided within a liquid “Light Guide” William Wheeler, 1880 Invented “Light pipes” for home lighting using reflective pipes Similar to concept used today for interior car illumination http://www.fiber-optics.info/history

Optical Fiber Fastest communications pipe available Coating Light ray Cladding Core Light travels in core and is constrained by the cladding Acrylate coating protects pure silica (glass) cladding

v Fiber Structure vs v 125 microns Core - The center of an optical fiber. Contains dopants to change speed of light. Cladding - Outer layer of glass to contain light. Different refractive index. Coating - Cushions and protects fibers. Coatings v Cladding Core 8-62.5 microns 250 microns

Two main types of fibers - Single-mode and Multimode Singlemode fiber – Carries only one mode of light Multimode fiber – Carries multiple modes of light Index of refraction profiles 8-10 µm 125 µm Singlemode core cladding 50-62.5 µm Multimode 125 µm

The FTTx Network – Macro View Fiber to the Cell Site Drop cable Drop closures or terminal Central Office /Headend High level picture of where things go Aerial cable Underground cable Fiber Distribution and Splitter Cabinet Splice closures

Typical Outside Plant Cable Types – Aerial and Underground Aerial Self-Supporting (ADSS), Duct and armored loose tube cables Ribbon Cables Full product portfolio addressing global demands. First adopters of dry cables. Extensive experience and knowledge of micro-cables and blown fiber units which are popular in EMEA Blown Fiber Units Microcables Drop Cables

Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable Buffer tube Most often “loose tube” cable structure Fibers loose in buffer tubes Handles stress/strain and temperature fluctuations and climatic extremes Also available in ribbons Fibers and buffers are color coded Underground applications Direct Buried – typically armored Duct cable Aerial applications Lashed to a messenger Self-supporting (ADSS, All-Dielectric, Self-Supporting Fiber Loose buffer tube structure Ribbon fiber and cable structure

Inside Plant Cables Indoor cables are different than outdoor cables Most often “tight buffer” cable structure Provides additional protection for handling Facilitates connectorization Multiple types of cable structures Riser, plenum, low smoke/zero halogen products Designed to meet flame smoke ratings Yellow colored jacket indicates single-mode fiber

Fiber management devices and closures Used to route and connect fibers Fiber management devices are used in the central office or remote cabinets Closures are used in the field to connect cables together Multiple designs available for each component

(12 fiber ribbon connector) Connectors Fibers use special, precisely manufactured connectors Connector color indicates the polish of the connector Polish type indicates amount of back reflection Critical parameter to ensure proper transmission Blue = “Ultra” polish Green = “Angle” polish LC Connector SC Connector MPO Connector (12 fiber ribbon connector)

Splitters Used with Passive Optical Network (PON) systems Used to split one fiber into multiple fibers Decreases power Splits bandwidth Split ratios are factors of 2 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 1x32 Different deployment methods Centralized splits Distributed splits Cascaded splits Splitters Splitter Distribution Cabinets 3

MDU deployments MDU installations are different than single-family home installations Most MDU installations require tight bends and bend insensitive fibers Manufacturers have developed fibers and distribution products specifically for MDU applications

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

OSP Cable Placement Options Aerial Fast, minimal restoration time Typical choice for overbuilding existing aerial plant Below Grade Required by regulations for most Greenfield installations Aesthetically pleasing!

OSP Cable Placement Options Below Grade Direct Buried In conduit In gas Lines In sewers

OSP Buried Considerations Existing neighborhood, or a new development? Must call your local “One Call” to locate existing utilities. Expose these utilities wherever you will be crossing them. A vacuum excavator is normally used to expose utilities. This is called “soft” excavation. Source: FTTH Council

Overbuilding with Buried Plant Directional Drilling Bores under driveways, streets, landscape, around existing utilities Least restoration of ground of buried solutions Ensures good aesthetics Higher skilled operation than other methods More expensive equipment Typically surface launched Pilot bore is followed by a pullback of the cable Source: FTTH Council

Overbuilding with Buried Plant Vibratory Plow Lower cost option where no surface obstacles exist Little damage to surface, normally just leaves a narrow slot Typically requires minimal restoration to the ground after installation Conduit/cable is installed behind the plow blade Less operator expertise needed Normally requires only one operator Source: FTTH Council

Greenfield with Buried Plant Open cut trenching Often lowest cost method Easiest to operate method, lower skilled operator Requires the most restoration of the ground of the 3 methods In new developments can lay cable/conduit in common utilities trench Source: FTTH Council

Splicing Fusion Most common type of splice Fibers joined together and melted at approximately 1600 degrees C Mechanical Common overseas Less common in US FTTH installations Illustration of electrodes used to form fusion splicing arc Splice sleeve to cover completed splice

Optical Loss Budget Designers must ensure enough light can reach the home in both directions. Component Typical loss values @ 1550 nm Fiber 0.25-0.30 dB/km Splices 0.05 dB Connectors 0.25 dB Splitters (1x32) 17-18 dB

Agenda Drivers for FTTx Why fiber Fiber feeds everything Flavors of FTTX Nuts and bolts – the components Installation techniques Network design configurations

PON Design Considerations CapEx/OpEx Cost per Household Cost per Subscriber Cost to Connect Scalability Ease of in-network additions Ease of network extensions Build ability Ability to construction within required timelines Ability to construction without damaging customer relations

Approximate cost proportions Fiber Materials are only ~8% of cost per home* Fiber Materials must last decades and support multiple generations of electronics FTTH Installed cost per Home* * 35% take rate, costs and proportions may vary from this typical example Proper Selection and Design of the Fiber Materials (the 8%) can help lower the cost of the other 92%

Network Design Options Home Run or “Active Ethernet”/”Point to Point Design” Central Office SFU Fibers from the OLT/switch all the way to the home For PON, splitters placed in a central office Minimizes OLT port usage OLT or switch Splitter for PON systems SFU SFU

PON Design Options Centralized Design Office SFU Splitters placed in a cabinet or hub Reduces OLT port usage Requires investment in cabinet Cabinet OLT F2 Fiber SFU F1 Fiber Splitter SFU

PON Design Options Distributed Design Splitters placed in splice cases Minimizes fiber sizes and splicing Requires dedicated OLT ports Central Office OLT Splitter Splitter F1 Fiber F1 Fiber F1 Fiber Splice Case Splice Case F2 Fiber SFU SFU SFU SFU

PON Design Options Cascaded Design Multiple splits between OLT and ONT Balance between fiber and OLT port usage Increased loss Central Office OLT Splitter Splitter F1 Fiber F1.5 Fiber Splice Case or Cabinet Splice Case or Cabinet F2 Fiber SFU SFU

Typical Layout – Centralized Split PON Design Examples Typical Layout – Centralized Split

Typical Layout – Distributed Split PON Design Examples Typical Layout – Distributed Split

PON Design Considerations OLT Cost per Port As the cost per port drops, designs that require a higher utilization of ports but less fiber and splicing become more cost effective Take Rates As take rates increase, the impact of dedicating OLT ports to a greater number of splitters is reduced Assessing Cost Impacts When conducting a cost analysis to determine the impact of different design approaches, it is helpful to focus only on cost that vary between the designs Eliminate costs that are common to the designs being assessed Cost Assessment Focus Cost effectiveness can be measured in multiple ways: Cost per household/living unit Cost per subscriber

PON Design Considerations Example Cost Assessment

PON Design Considerations Example Cost Assessment

MDU Design Approaches Single Family ONT Desktop ONT MDU ONT ONT placed at existing demarcation point Utilize existing wiring (coax, cat 3/5) to the living units Single Family ONT Drop placed to each living unit ONT mounted within the living unit Desktop ONT Drop placed within living units (along molding, etc.)

MDU Design Pros and Cons MDU ONT Avoids challenges and costs associated with retrofitting buildings Dependent on type and condition of existing wiring Single Family ONT Eliminates usage of existing wiring (possibly substandard) Cost and labor intensive Desktop ONT Minimal space requirements Typically requires drop to be routed through the living units (aesthetics)

Summary Video, internet, and new applications are driving bandwidth increases that require fiber Fiber is the best method for providing low cost, high bandwidth services Lowest cost/bit Lowest OPEX More reliable than metallic technologies Lower attenuation, weight Fiber architectures include various versions of PON and Point to Point Multiple ways of deploying FTTH Different design options for outside plant can significant impact costs and network functionality