Early “American Identity”

Colonial Society - Health Birth and Death Rates – Life expectancy increases Especially in the North – Number of women increase Birth Rate increases Women Average 8 children (avg. 5 die early in life) Early Medicine – Few professional doctors – Women served as midwives – Humoralism (2 nd Century)

Colonial Life - Women Women's rights and roles Could own land Made up majority of church goers

Colonial Society - Labor Indentured Servants – provided food and shelter in exchange for servitude (4-7 yrs) – Men Few given land after service – Women Expected to marry after service – System gradually declines as slavery becomes commonplace

Colonial Population - Labor Slavery – 11 million in America’s by 19 th century 95% to Caribbean and S. America – “Middle Passage” – 1697 – Royal African Company loses monopoly Trade drastically increases – approx. 25,000 in N. America – approx. 250,000 – Slave Codes Guaranteed white authority over slaves

Changing Immigration Increase in non English immigrants – French – “Huguenots” fleeing Cath. Church – Germans – fleeing religion and wars – Scotch Irish – economic opportunities Colonial Life - Immigration

Colonial Life -Economy South – Tobacco – MD, NC, and VA – Rice – SC and GA – ****NOT COTTON until around 1800 North – Small Farms – Artisans and Entrepreneurs Smiths, Cobblers, Etc Mills – Grain, Cloth, Lumber Early Metal Production Ship Building

Emerging Patterns - South Plantations – South – Risky due to unstable market – Boom or bust – Creates slave culture 75% lived with 10+ others 50% with 50+ Religion Rebellion (uncommon) – Stono Rebellion – SC

Stono Rebellion Largest organized slave rebellion prior to American Revolution Group of Slaves organize and march South towards Florida Approximately Colonists killed Eventually stopped and most were either killed or executed Effects South Carolina… – passed the laws restricting slave assembly, education, and movement. – enacted a 10-year halt on slave trade – established penalties against harsh treatment of slaves..

Emerging Patterns - North Puritans – N.E. – “Commons” Shared lands – “Town Meetings” Participatory Democracy Had to be member of church – Select few (males) accepted in All must still attend Only First generation granted membership – Halfway Covenant - Partial church membership 2 nd and 3 rd Generation Could now be baptized Could not vote – Salem Witch Trials

Colonial Commerce – “Triangular Trade”

The Enlightenment and The Great Awakening Beginning the in late 17 th century, new scientific and intellectual breakthroughs impacted “New World” politics and society.

Enlightenment – Begins in Europe – Science and Intellectual Discovery – Celebration of “Human Reason” – Growing interest in Education – First Public Schools in Mass Politics – John Locke The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment - Literacy Literacy – Dramatic Increase – Almanacs Include Agricultural tips, humor, and weather predictions Poor Richards Almanac – Written by Benjamin Franklin – Newspapers Publick Occurrences – Boston 1690 – First Newspaper

The Enlightenment – Education Harvard – 1636 – Mass. – Puritans – Training for Ministers William and Mary – 1693 – VA – Anglicans – Philosophy and Divinity Yale – 1701 – CN – Train Clergy and Political leaders – Opponents of Harvard Princeton – 1746 – NJ – Response to Great Awakening – Training for Ministers – J. Edwards – one of the first Pres. Colombia – 1754 – NY – Secular

The Enlightenment Science, Law, and Politics Science – Benjamin Franklin Electricity experiments – Cotton Mather Smallpox Inoculation Law and Politics – Zenger Trial John Peter Zenger accused of libel Court rules – Not libel if true

The (1 st ) Great Awakening Colonial Religion – Church of England Official religion in most colonies Usually ignored – Breaking into Denominations Baptist Dutch Reformed Methodist – Religious Discrimination Anti Catholicism Anti Jew

Great Awakening – s – Result of weakening piety – Called for renewal of relationship with God – Evangelism Jonathan Edwards Traveled to deliver message Used descriptions of hell to scare listeners The (1 st ) Great Awakening

George Whitefield – Evangelist