أعفان ثمار العنب Grape disease.

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Presentation transcript:

أعفان ثمار العنب Grape disease

أعفان الثمار العفن الحمضى العفن الرمادى أخرى

أعفان ثمار العنب عفن الأسبرجلس Aspergillus rot عفن الكلادوسبوريوم Cladosporium rot عفن الألترناريا Alternaria rot عفن البنيسيليوم Penicillium rot العفن الرمادى Grey mould rot

Apsergillus niger

Aspergillus niger

Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizopus stolonifer

عفن الكلادوسبوريوم Cladosporium rot Cladosporium spp.

عفن الألترناريا Alternaria rot Alternaria spp.

عفن البنيسيليوم Penicillium rot Penicillium expansum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium cyclopium

بوتريتس

Botrytis on Thompson Seedless

Botrytis on grapes at arrival

What is Botrytis?! Grape  Strawberry Snap beans  Green beans Widespread fungus Infect many crops Grape  Strawberry Snap beans  Green beans Melons  Cucumber Stone fruits  Tomato Pome fruits Onion & Garlic

Botrytis cinerea conidiophores and conidia

Gray Mold penetration Phytopathology 85:82-87.1995

Botrytis cinerea conidia germination

Botrytis cinerea conidia germination temperature dependent low in sterile distilled water stimulated by pollen stimulated by leaf or berry exudates

Botrytis cinerea sclerotia commonly found on shoots following early frost damage in the fall

Botrytis on Flame Seedless

الأصناف Cultivars Flame Seedless Thompson King Ruby Early Superior Crimson Perlette

pH

نظافة المزرعة

نظم التدعيم Trellising system T system Double T, Y & V system Pergola Gable system

Grape berry split

Grape insects (Tuber moth)

Grape insects (Tuber moth)

Grape insects (Tuber moth)

هو رسالة لبدء تطبيق المبيدات التنبؤ بحدوث المرض هو رسالة لبدء تطبيق المبيدات نظام التنبؤ بالمرض النباتى: Thomas et al, 1994 نموذج التنبؤ بالمرض النباتى هو وصف حسابى للتفاعل بين البيئة (ظروف جوية) والعائل النباتى و / أو بيانات المسبب المرضى (متغيراته) والتى تتسبب فى حدوث المرض.

Ln (y/(1y)) = b°+b1W+b2WT+b3WT2 (Broome et al., 1995)

Weather Station

Weather Station sensors next to the clusters

Infection vs. Temperature 70 cv. Thompson Seedless 60 50 40 Disease incidence, %) 30 20 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 Temperature, °C Dry inoculation Wet inoculation

Temperature vs Incubation 14 cv. Thompson Seedless 12 10 8 Incubation, days 6 4 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 Temperature, ºC Dry inoculation Wet inoculation

Gray mold temperature vs free water

Alex 60-69% Desert road 56%

Gray Mold epidemiological model canopy Micro Environ irrigation Grape light Gray mold temper nutrition free water N relative humidity Ca inoculum source K resveratrol B. cinerea conidia

تهوية Aeration Canopy orientation Leaf removal Bunch orientation

Monitoring Botrytis on grape Time of infection Density of infection Distribution of infection Proposing chemical treatment Effectiveness of applied chemicals

Time of infection Blooming Harvest Postharvest

Grape blooming

Gray Mold latent infection

Time of infection Metreological data Temperature Humidity Wetting period Humidity Humidity

Distribution of infection (Farm as a case study)

Sampling points

Botrytis cinerea RAPD-PCR, isolates from grapes (OPA11) A. alternata A. niger Penicillium B. cinerea Plant Disease 83:1090-1094.1999

Sampling time

Distribution of infection

Analysis of samples Infection % Severity Score (0->10) Sampling stations Infection % Severity Score (0->10)

Botrytis Score No risk 0.0 Very low risk <0.1 Low risk < 1 Medium risk <3 High risk <10 Very high risk >10

How to use the system for Evaluation of pesticide application

Chemical control Use recommended fungicides. Use approved fungicide at foreign country. Concern fungicide resistance. Concern harvest interval (H.I.). Concern residues. Use potassium salts.

Griseofulvin on grape

Screening of 14 B. cinerea isolates for Griseofulvin production

Griseofulvin in Thompson samples

Control of Botrytis is sometimes very simple تهويه

Time before precooling Cool chain Precooling defects

Postharvest SO2 Application as Botrytis Control in Export Grapes

Gray Mold canopy management improved aeration and avoid conditions conducive to infection leaf removal shoot thinning shoot positioning hedging

Gray Mold cluster management avoid excessive cluster compactness balance clusters and foliage cluster thinning cluster length cluster density

Gray Mold nutrition avoid high nitrogen fertilization improved potassium uptake improved calcium content of the fruits

Gray Mold fungicide treatments Timing bloom late bloom preclosure veraison preharvest

غازثانى أكسيد الكبريت التطبيق قبل الحصاد بعد الحصاد

كبريت زراعى قبل الحصاد غاز ثانى أكسيد كبريت بعد الحصاد

Gray Mold postharvest control refrigeration, 0°C sulfur dioxide, SO2 modified atmosphere

Postharvest Control SO2 action conidia mycelium

Postharvest Control SO2 action SO2 fumigation kills surface borne spores and prevent subsequent infection of grape in the storage Latent infections are not control with SO2 fumigation

Postharvest Control SO2 activity concentration time temperature

SO2 time for 99% control conidia Crop Protection 11:535-540.1992

SO2 control vs concentration Crop Protection 11:535-540.1992

SO2 summary SO2 may be applied to grapes before cooling, during cooling or after cooling. SO2 toxicity depends on temperature, concentration and time. Toxicity to conidia increases about 1.5 to 2 times/each 10 °C rise, 0°C to 20 °C.

SO2 application time PRE-PACKAGING POST-PACKAGING COLD STORAGE fumigation POST-PACKAGING SO2 generator pads COLD STORAGE

SO2 pre-packaging fumigation Objective to reduce the inoculum, conidia, present on the surface of the berries to reduced X0

SO2 pre-packaging fumigation when should be used it ? X0 is high with gray mold symptoms disease incidence > 0.5-1%

غرفة تبخير بغاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت 00 مروحة شفط أو طرد هواء بالتة عنب مروحة شفط خزان ماء يمتص به الغاز بعد التبخير والتخلص منه ميزان رقمى غرفة تبخير بغاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت اسطوانة غاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت

SO2 concentration: <0.2% color varieties <0.5% white varieties Exposure period: 15-20 min

وزن غاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت = (حجم الفراغ فى غرفة التبخير x تركيز الغاز المرغوب / وزن الغاز الذى يعطى 1م3 عند درجة حرارة هواء الغرفة أثناء المعاملة) + وزن الغاز الممتص بالعبوات

حساب حجم الفراغ فى غرفة التبخير = حجم الغرفة - الحجم الكلى لصناديق العنب داخل الغرفة أثناء التبخير.

وزن الغاز الممتص فى مواد العبوات = (عدد العبوات x 0. 0002 إلى 0

وزن الغاز الممتص بالعبوة الفارغة الموضوع بها العنب أثناء التبخير (كجم) كرتون خشب بلاستيك تركيز الغاز نوع العبوة 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.5% وزن الغاز الممتص بالعبوة الفارغة الموضوع بها العنب أثناء التبخير (كجم) 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.2%

وزن الغاز بالكيلو جرام الذى يعطى حجم 1م3 وزن غاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت الذى يعطى حجم 1 م3 30 ºم 25 ºم 20 ºم درجة الحرارة 0.388 0.381 0.375 وزن الغاز بالكيلو جرام الذى يعطى حجم 1م3

SO2 post-packaging fumigation when should be used it ? always when transportation to markets take several days

SO2 post-packaging fumigation Generator Pads sodium metabisulfite fast SO2 release slow SO2 release fast/slow release

حقن الغاز داخل الكرتونة المعبأة

SO2 injection

SO2 post-packaging fumigation Generator Pads Position of SO2 pads inside the carton box

Grape boxes for exportation

تأثير وضع رقائق تحرر غاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت داخل عبوة العنب التصديرية على فعاليته ضد العفن الرمادى على العنب فعالية المعاملة فى التثبيط (%) العفن الرمادى (%) وضع رقائق تحرر غاز ثانى أكسيد الكبريت 74.8 3.5 رقائق مزدوجة فوق عناقيد العنب 52.2 6.64 رقائق مزدوجة أسفل عناقيد العنب 58.4 5.78 رقيقة سريع أسفل عناقيد العنب وأخرى بطيئة أعلى العناقيد   13.9 مقارنة

SO2 post-packaging fumigation Advantage of using SO2 Killing fungal spores (Botrytis and other fungi Keeping the green color of bunch stem and pedicles Precautions of using SO2 Bleaching

Cautions for use of grapes guards 1 Cautions for use of grapes guards 1.- Before using Grape Guards from the last season be sure that they have not been expired. 2.- Unused Grape Guards can be used the following season if they have been stored in the undamaged sealed polyethylene bags and in a dry cool area. 3.- If grapes with Dual and Slow Relese Grape Guards are allowed to warm up, excess of sulphur dioxide is released. This can damage the grapes and cause undesirable flavors, and also it increases the SO2 residue level. 4.- The 0ºC (32ºF) refrigeration must be permanent, because the sudden increase of temperature causes damage to the fruit, and also could cause a high increment of the growth rate of the Botrytis cinerea fungi. 5.- Representative boxes of grapes must be regularly inspected while in storage, specially if it exceeds the suggested period for the utilized type of Grape Guard.  

New approaches Modified atmosphere Biocontrol Other Fumigants than SO2 New fungicides Rapid detection of B. cinerea Forecasting using Metreological data

Thank you