Civil Rights After 1964

I. Black Power Movement Rejected Dr. King’s slow- paced nonviolence & rejected white cooperation Stokely Carmichael expels whites from S.N.C.C. Black Power philosophy influenced by Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael

Malcolm X Converted to Nation of Islam in jail Based in the Northern U.S. Broke with Elijah Muhammad upon from Mecca Killed February 21, 1965

Black Panthers Founded in California, 1966

Dr. King’s Assassination Assassinated in Memphis, April 4, 1968

Urban Riots Civil Rights Movement in the South raised expectations in Northern cities 1965 – 1970 = Urban Riots as form of protest 1964 = Harlem, Rochester, Jersey City, Philadelphia 1965 = Watt’s Riot lasts 6 days, 34 dead, $40 million in damages 1966 = Chicago, Milwaukee, SF, Cleveland, Dayton TOTAL = 250 deaths, 10,000 injuries, 60,000 arrests

II. Chicano Civil Rights Movement Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers into Unions 5 million migrant farm workers in U.S. in 1960s 1935 National Labor Relations Act did not allow farm workers to join Unions No minimum wage, no Social Security benefits Chavez used King and Gandhi’s nonviolence, hunger strikes

Grape Boycott 1962: Chavez forms National Farm Workers/United Farm Workers 1965: First boycott of California’s grapes National attention to poor living conditions Chavez went on 25 day hunger strike 5 year boycott ends with U.F.W. contract in 1970

The Brown Berets March 1968: 10,000 students walk out of L.A high schools to protests poor education “Brown Berets” student group influenced Chicano Studies, Puerto Rican Studies departments in colleges Mostly male; Chicanas discouraged from participating

III. The American Indian Movement 1960s & 1970s = 70% of Indians located on reservations 1968 = (AIM) American Indian Movement founded to create economic opportunities on reservations & stop police harassment

Capture of Alcatraz Island, = 78 AIM members capture former federal prison Alcatraz Island Treaty stated abandoned federal land belonged to American Indians Occupation lasted 1.5 years until 1971