Let America Be America Again Poem by: Langston Hughes By: Danya Ben-Yosef and Jorma Nuutinen

Background Great Depression Greater consequences for black communities 1935 Harlem race riot Racial injustice Poor living conditions Spread of rumors Deceitful media coverage “One hour ago a 12-year-old [African-American] boy was brutally beaten by the management of Kress 5 and 10 cent store. The boy is near death. He was mercilessly beaten because they thought he had stolen a 5-cent knife…” Rivera was 16, Puerto Rican, not beaten and stole a 10-cent knife.

Guiding Topics Speaker: Suppressed American individual Audience: All American ethnic groups, populations, and minorities Theme: the fraudulent “American dream” Purpose: (sections) Show what America “claims” to be or used to be Communicate the struggle of all individuals in America Cry for justice and equality for all

“Let America Be America Again” Let America be America again. Let it be the dream it used to be. Let it be the pioneer on the plain Seeking a home where he himself is free. (America never was America to me.) Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed— Let it be that great strong land of love Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme That any man be crushed by one above. (It never was America to me.) * O, let my land be a land where Liberty Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath, But opportunity is real, and life is free, Equality is in the air we breathe. (There’s never been equality for me, Nor freedom in this “homeland of the free.”) ● Anaphora “Let America; Let it be” ○ Rhythm and emphasis ● Rhyme (be/free) ○ Assonance creating a feeling of warmth in audience. Entices audience for what is to come ● America = motif for the land of the free and the “American dream” ● Parenthesis: results with effect that declarative statement is a secret or being whispered. ● Caesura: pause creating a rhythm ● Alliteration ○ Enhance the importance of this statement by being more rhythmic to the reader. ● Rhyme ○ Emphasizes the ostracization and inequality Hughes feels as an American individual ○ Quotation marks: emphasize lack of freedom Enjambment {

Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark? And who are you that draws your veil across the stars? I am the poor white, fooled and pushed apart, I am the Negro bearing slavery’s scars. I am the red man driven from the land, I am the immigrant clutching the hope I seek— And finding only the same old stupid plan Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak. I am the young man, full of strength and hope, Tangled in that ancient endless chain Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land! Of grab the gold! Of grab the ways of satisfying need! Of work the men! Of take the pay! Of owning everything for one’s own greed! ● Interrogatory syntax ● Repetition ○ Search for answers & hope: God? ● Anaphora “I am the…” ○ Representing collective oppressed groups (minorities) of America ■ Poor ■ African Americans ■ Natives ■ Immigrants ● Caesura ○ Hope is crushed by reality ● Metaphor ○ Hierarchy of power in America ■ Competition and capitalist greed ● Allusion/metaphor ○ Black slavery ○ Oppression through history continues ● Exclamatory syntax ○ Tone of anger and disappointment ● Change in syntax and grammar ○ Greed of capitalism: Egocentric society ■ Colonization and mercantilism ■ Land, power, work, money

I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil. I am the worker sold to the machine. I am the Negro, servant to you all. I am the people, humble, hungry, mean— Hungry yet today despite the dream. Beaten yet today—O, Pioneers! I am the man who never got ahead, The poorest worker bartered through the years. ● Anaphora (I am the…) ○ Emphasis on the various groups and populations affected by injustices in the so-called “land of the free” ● Symbol (Worker sold to the machine) ○ Symbolizes the lower class’s working environment and economic conditions ● Motif (Negro) ○ Motif throughout various Hughes poems. In this case, represents how the black population are not the only one struggling to achieve the “American dream” and equality. ● Rhyme (machine/mean/dream) ● Anaphora (...yet today…) ● Symbolism (O, Pioneers!) ○ Sarcastic tone; pinpointing the individuals controlling and allowing this inequality in the nation. ○ Alludes to colonialist times and to the pioneers that discovered America. Enjambment {

Yet I’m the one who dreamt our basic dream In the Old World while still a serf of kings, Who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true, That even yet its mighty daring sings In every brick and stone, in every furrow turned That’s made America the land it has become. O, I’m the man who sailed those early seas In search of what I meant to be my home— For I’m the one who left dark Ireland’s shore, And Poland’s plain, and England’s grassy lea, And torn from Black Africa’s strand I came To build a “homeland of the free.” ●Allusion to colonization of America ○ ruled by other lands: not free ■ Foundations of America in “brick and stone” ●Alliteration “so…” ○ emphasis on hope ●Repetition: “And”- list structure ●Enjambment ○ Represents oppressed groups that came to America to find the “American Dream” ●Irony ○ “homeland of the free” ■ They are not { { Enjambment

Bibliography "False Rumors of a Boy’s Death Sparks the Harlem Riot of 1935." NY Daily News. N.p., 18 Mar Web. 17 Aug "Harlem Race Riot (1935)." The Black Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug "Harlem Riot, Blacks in the Depression 1936, Issue 12." Our History as News. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Aug "The Great Depression." History. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Aug