Chapter 12 – Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Objectives Identify information presented on a karyotypeIdentify information presented on a karyotype Recognize the difference between male and female karyotypesRecognize the difference between male and female karyotypes Distinguish between normal and abnormal karyotypesDistinguish between normal and abnormal karyotypes

Take out a sheet of paper and write your name along with your lab partners. 1. Look Figure on page 329. Explain what you think the picture is showing? 2. What do you think the numbers as well as letters on the photograph represent?

Karyotype pg. 329  Chromosomes come in pairs, inherited from parents  Half from mom & half from dad  Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total.  Any more or less = abnormality  Sex Chromosomes – Called X and Y  Autosomes – all non-sex chromosomes

Karyotype Fig pg. 329  Picture of cell taken during the process of metaphase 3. Why metaphase? 4. Looking at the Figure 12.20, how are the chromosomes arranged? 5. Do you think male and female karyotypes are the same? Explain.  Chromosomes arranged by length, banding pattern, centromere location  Comparison against a normal karyotype

Pedigree  Pedigree = map of inheritance of genetic traits from generation to generation

Symbols on a Pedigree  Circle = FemaleSquare = Male  Shaded = Affected Unshaded = Unaffected  Adjoining line = Married/Mating  Connected by an adjoining line = Offspring  Roman Numeral = Generation

Textbook pg. 310 Fig How many generations are shown? 8. How many offspring did I-1 and I-2 have? 9. How many boys did III-3 and III-4 have? 10. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? 11. What kind of trait (dominant or recessive) is being passed down? 12. What genotypes must I-1 and I-2 be in order to have a child with this trait? 13. What is the probability that they would have this type of child? Show a Punnett square

Recessive Heredity  Caused by recessive alleles  Attached earlobes, Cystic fibrosis (defective protein leads to excessive mucus production in lungs), Albinism  Individual will only display the recessive phenotype if its genotype is homozygous recessive

Dominant Heredity  Caused by dominant allele  Freckles, Widow’s peak, Hitchhickers thumb, Huntington’s disease (brain degeneration, doesn’t appear until later in age), immunity to poison ivy  Individual will display the dominant phenotype if its genotype is heterozygous or homozygous dominant

When Heredity Follows Different Rules Chapter 12, Section 2

Incomplete Dominance  Incomplete Dominance = phenotype of a heterozygote is in between the dominant & recessive phenotypes, appearance of a third phenotype.  No Longer Upper and Lowercase letters A or a Flowers known as Snapdragons come in 3 colors but have 2 alleles, R and R’  R’R’ = White  R’R or RR’ = Pink  RR = Red

Sample Problems Cross the following snapdragons and give the genotype and phenotype ratios. Red x White – Phenotypic Ratio White : Pink : Red Genotypic Ratio Genotypic Ratio R’R’: R’R : RR R’R’: R’R : RR Pink x Pink – Phenotypic Ratio White : Pink : Red White : Pink : Red Genotypic Ratio Genotypic Ratio R’R’: R’R : RR R’R’: R’R : RR

Text pg. 316 Figure 12.7  Red x White = all pink  Pink x Pink = 1Red: 2Pink: 1White

Genetics Review  Mendelian Genetics – Simple Dominant & Recessive Traits (Tall TT or Tt or short tt)  Incomplete Dominance – 3 phenotypes (FF = red, FF’ = pink, F’F’ = white)  Pedigree – Map to show how traits are passed from parent to offspring (not shaded – doesn’t have trait, half shaded – carrier, shaded – has trait

Codominance Both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual Black Feathers F B F B = Black Feathers White Feathers F W F W = White When the 2 alleles are combined a chicken with both black and white feathers is created. Erminette chickens F B F W = Black & White Neither allele is dominant or recessiveNeither allele is dominant or recessive

Codominance Practice Problems  Cross a chicken that is homozygous for the black alleles with a chicken that is homozygous for the white alleles.  What color feathers did the offspring have?  Cross 2 chickens from the F1 generation to make the F2 generation?  What color feathers did the offspring have?

Blood Types  BLOOD TYPE.ppt BLOOD TYPE.ppt BLOOD TYPE.ppt

Sex Determination & Sex- linked Inheritance  Combination of sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine an individual’s gender  Males XY, X chromosome comes from mom & Y chromosome comes from dad  Females XX, both mom & dad give an X chromosome  Sex-linked Traits = traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes

 Red-Green colorblindness  Hemophilia (blood doesn’t clot properly)  Male Pattern Baldness  Duchenne Muscular Distrophy (muscular degeneration leading to eventual paralysis)

 Most of sex-linked traits are found on genes on the X chromosome (X-linked trait) because it is larger than the Y chromosome  X-linked traits display more in males because they only have 1 X chromosome, whereas females get 2 X chromosomes so they can be carriers of the trait but not display the phenotype

Color Blindness - Recessive Trait B = Normal b = color blind  Males X B Y = NormalX b Y = Color Blind  Females X B X B = Normal X B X b = Carrier (Normal) X b X b = Color Blind Can males be carriers for color blindness? Why or why not?

Polygenic Inheritance  Characteristics that are influenced by several genes