The Industrial Revolution

Revolution in Great Britain 1700s = change in technology 1700s = change in technology Primary energy source changed from human & animal power to machinery. Primary energy source changed from human & animal power to machinery. Industrial Revolution occurred when use of power-driven machinery was developed. Industrial Revolution occurred when use of power-driven machinery was developed. Started in Great Britain

Beginnings Began in Great Britain in the 1780’s but took several decades to spread to other nations. Began in Great Britain in the 1780’s but took several decades to spread to other nations. Factors involved: Factors involved: –Agricultural practices changed including more farmland, better weather, new crops such as the potato (could be grown cheaper allowing families to eat more and spend less) = more money for other purchases. –Population growth and increased availability of labor for factories. –The enclosure movement, a law passed by Parliament, allowed landowners to fence off common land, forced peasants to move to towns seeking work = factory workers.

Factors Involved –Britain had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in new industrial machines and factories. –Entrepreneurs found new business opportunities and ways to make profits. –Britain had plentiful natural resources including water power, coal and iron ore –Britain had a great supply of markets for their manufactured goods with a vast colonial empire and the ships to transport their goods anywhere in the world. With population growth the markets at home grew larger too.

Factors for Success Exploration and colonialism Exploration and colonialism Power of the sea – British navy was the world’s largest and most powerful. Power of the sea – British navy was the world’s largest and most powerful. Political stability Political stability Government supported the movement (taxes) Government supported the movement (taxes) Growth of private investment Growth of private investment –Britain had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in new industrial machines and factories. –Entrepreneurs found new business opportunities and ways to make profits.

Agricultural Factors In 1701 Jethro Tull invented the seed drill. In 1701 Jethro Tull invented the seed drill. Landowners bought up small farms and consolidated them in the enclosure movement. Landowners bought up small farms and consolidated them in the enclosure movement. Introduction of new crops such as the Introduction of new crops such as the potato. potato.

Factors of Production: Land Great Britain had great natural resources Great Britain had great natural resources –coal for fuel –iron ore for steel & machinery –waterways (rivers & canals) to generate power and transport raw materials and goods

Factors of Production: Labor Great Britain’s population grew because of greater food supply. Great Britain’s population grew because of greater food supply. The enclosure movement took land away from small farmers forcing them to seek work elsewhere. The enclosure movement took land away from small farmers forcing them to seek work elsewhere. –This resulted in surplus of available workers in cities and towns. –Also increased wages and cheaper food prices gave the peasants more income to spend on manufactured goods. –Created a higher standard of living for workers.

Factors of Production: Capital Capital is the money or property a business needs to stay in business but is also required to expand or create a new business. Capital is the money or property a business needs to stay in business but is also required to expand or create a new business. Capital can be money, machines, or people Capital can be money, machines, or people –people who specialized in one area who had abilities and skills to be able to use to their advantages

A Revolution in Textiles A cottage industry is an occupation in which you make a craft and it is done in your home. A cottage industry is an occupation in which you make a craft and it is done in your home. Making cloth had been a cottage industry, workers produced manufactured goods in their homes. Making cloth had been a cottage industry, workers produced manufactured goods in their homes. Cloth was made mostly with wool but there was a growing demand for inexpensive cotton cloth. Cloth was made mostly with wool but there was a growing demand for inexpensive cotton cloth. Technological advances in the 18 th century made the cottage industry less efficient. Technological advances in the 18 th century made the cottage industry less efficient.

A New Way of Making Cloth Cloth was now made from wool and cotton Cloth was now made from wool and cotton –more sheep could be raised due to the enclosure movement. –cotton came to Great Britain from plantations in the colonies. New inventions helped the process of cloth making New inventions helped the process of cloth making

Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney Invented by Eli Whitney Removed seeds from raw cotton, increased production because more workers could be put in the fields to grow cotton rather than processing it. Removed seeds from raw cotton, increased production because more workers could be put in the fields to grow cotton rather than processing it. Made cotton cheaper to produce and increased availability Made cotton cheaper to produce and increased availability Eli Whitney

Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves Invented by James Hargreaves Spun multiple threads at one time Spun multiple threads at one time –Threads were still thick and broke easily –Made the spinning process much faster

Spinning Frame Invented by Richard Arkwright Invented by Richard Arkwright Similar to the spinning jenny but spun stronger, thinner threads. Similar to the spinning jenny but spun stronger, thinner threads.

“Flying Shuttle” Invented by John Kay Invented by John Kay It pushed thread back and forth on loom automatically It pushed thread back and forth on loom automatically –Prior to this invention the weaver had to push the shuttle back and forth –This invention allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s width

Power Loom Invented by Edmund Cartwright in Invented by Edmund Cartwright in Automated the weaving process. Steam power replaced man power in the weaving process. Automated the weaving process. Steam power replaced man power in the weaving process.

Cloth Making Outside the Home The new inventions sped up the cloth making process. The new inventions sped up the cloth making process. All of these new machines needed a special place to house them. All of these new machines needed a special place to house them. Cloth that was made in homes was now made in FACTORIES Cloth that was made in homes was now made in FACTORIES

Steam Powers the Revolution Steam is created when water is heated to the point of vaporizing. Steam is created when water is heated to the point of vaporizing. Water vapors expand when hot, forcing the vapor to move. This process can be directed. Water vapors expand when hot, forcing the vapor to move. This process can be directed. Steam engines were invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen Steam engines were invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen

Newcomen Steam Engine

Development of the Steam Engine Steam power allowed factories to be built in places that were not near a water source. Water had been used to power machines but required a river or stream with moving water. Steam power allowed factories to be built in places that were not near a water source. Water had been used to power machines but required a river or stream with moving water. James Watt improved Newcomen’s steam engine to be more efficient James Watt improved Newcomen’s steam engine to be more efficient –Watt’s engine was better suited for factories In 1802 Richard Trevithick put a steam engine in first locomotive. In 1802 Richard Trevithick put a steam engine in first locomotive. In 1807 Robert Fulton developed the first steamship. In 1807 Robert Fulton developed the first steamship.

James Watts Steam Engine

Coal for British Steam Engines The coal mining industry in northern and western England grew as the demand for coal grew. The coal mining industry in northern and western England grew as the demand for coal grew. by 1800, Great Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal. by 1800, Great Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal. Mining was dangerous Mining was dangerous –explosions –coal dust –collapsing shafts –hard labor –Child labor

Iron Ore Great Britain also had large supplies of iron ore needed to made the iron and steel for machinery. Great Britain also had large supplies of iron ore needed to made the iron and steel for machinery. A better quality of iron was produced in the 1780’s after Henry Cort developed a process called puddling. A better quality of iron was produced in the 1780’s after Henry Cort developed a process called puddling. Puddling used coke, derived from coal, to burn away impurities in the pig iron which made for higher quality iron. Puddling used coke, derived from coal, to burn away impurities in the pig iron which made for higher quality iron. High quality iron was used to build better machines including trains. High quality iron was used to build better machines including trains.

Industrial Middle Class Industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production was created during the industrial revolution. Industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production was created during the industrial revolution. This produced a new middle class, the industrial middle class. The people who built the factories, bought the machines and developed the markets. This produced a new middle class, the industrial middle class. The people who built the factories, bought the machines and developed the markets.

Early Socialism Even though the lives of workers improved economically they suffered greatly in poor working conditions. Even though the lives of workers improved economically they suffered greatly in poor working conditions. –Long hours in factories with poor ventilation –Cramped and dangerous conditions in mines. –Excessive use of Women and children as laborers. Women and children were a source of cheap labor as they were paid less than half what men were paid Reformers opposed the capitalist system as they believed it was destructive. Reformers opposed the capitalist system as they believed it was destructive. They advocated a socialist system in which the means of production is controlled by the government. They advocated a socialist system in which the means of production is controlled by the government. This allowed for the wealth created by the economy to be distributed more equitably to everyone. This allowed for the wealth created by the economy to be distributed more equitably to everyone.

Socialism and Utopia Early socialists wrote about an ideal society where workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be met. Early socialists wrote about an ideal society where workers could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be met. Karl Marx later labeled these reformers as Utopian Socialists using the term from Sir Thomas More’s book. Karl Marx later labeled these reformers as Utopian Socialists using the term from Sir Thomas More’s book. Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, was a Utopian Socialist. He transformed the factory town of New Lanark in Scotland into a Utopian community. Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, was a Utopian Socialist. He transformed the factory town of New Lanark in Scotland into a Utopian community. –He attempted to create a similar community in New Harmony, Indiana but it failed.

THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Before the Industrial Revolution Cottage industry Production at home, but under the social conditions of capitalism

German hand-loom weaver

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION Agricultural Revolution of 18 th Century Introduction of New Crops Introduction of New Crops  Legumes, turnips, clover, potatoes  Scientific Livestock Breeding  Enclosure System

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION Rapid Population Growth in 18 th Century Rapid Population Growth in 18 th Century :110 million to 190 million :110 million to 190 million Better health practices Better health practices –Smallpox Inoculation –Sanitation

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Increased Demand for goods Increased Demand for goods Investment Capital Investment Capital Cheap Labor Cheap Labor Inventions Inventions –Flying Shuttle –Cotton Gin –Spinning Jenny –Power Loom –Steam Engine

Role of Technology Cotton and the spinning jenny Cotton and the spinning jenny Cotton gin (Eli Whitney, 1793 ) Cotton gin (Eli Whitney, 1793 )

The Industrial Revolution Steam power Thomas Newcomen James Watt

Cotton Production Factory System

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Improved Transportation Improved Transportation –Canals –Railroads Iron Production Iron Production Factory System Factory System

Role of technology: Iron and steam Iron smelting – coke Iron smelting – coke 1780s – high quality iron (ships, weapons, rails and nails) 1780s – high quality iron (ships, weapons, rails and nails) 1782 – rotary engine 1782 – rotary engine

Role of Technology: railroad Rocket Rocket Liverpool to Manchester line (1830) Liverpool to Manchester line (1830) 20 years: 50 mph, 2,000 miles of tracks 20 years: 50 mph, 2,000 miles of tracks effects effects

Role of technology: transportation Revolution

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Social impacts: factories and their effects

Urbanization Significant Population Growth Significant Population Growth Move to the cities--shift of orientation from countryside to city. Move to the cities--shift of orientation from countryside to city. Housing, public health, crime, sanitation Housing, public health, crime, sanitation Poor working conditions Poor working conditions Child labor; female labor Child labor; female labor

Social Impacts: new social classes Working class Working class Child and female labor Child and female labor Working conditions Working conditions

Class Consciousness Middle Class—bourgeoisie Middle Class—bourgeoisie Working Class—proletariat Working Class—proletariat Peasant Peasant Landed Gentry—old aristocracy Landed Gentry—old aristocracy

Social and political impacts: middle, entrepreneurial and business classes Concept of “middle class” Concept of “middle class” New business aristocracy New business aristocracy

Social and political impacts: reforms, regulations and labor organizations Cotton factories Regulation Act (1819) Cotton factories Regulation Act (1819) MP Sadler and the Factory Act (1833) MP Sadler and the Factory Act (1833) Ashley and the Mines Act (1842) Ashley and the Mines Act (1842) Unions, 1824 Unions, 1824 Grand National Consolidated Trade Unions, 1834 Grand National Consolidated Trade Unions, 1834