How do different stars form? The life span of stars depends upon the amount of mass that forms the star The life span of stars depends upon the amount of mass that forms the star The more mass a star has the faster it burns up, and The more mass a star has the faster it burns up, and The bigger it is, the brighter and hotter it burns The bigger it is, the brighter and hotter it burns

1. NEBULA A CLOUD OF GAS AND DUST Made of mainly Hydrogen gas Areas of most mass begin to clump together due to gravity.

H-R Diagram Stars are classified by 1. size 2. color 3. temperature

ORION NEBULA

2. BIRTH OF PROTOSTAR GRAVITY PULLS MASS TOGETHER INTO SPINNING BALL H + H => He NUCLEAR FUSION BEGINS, changing matter into energy.

3. RED DWARF If the mass is a small amount, but enough to start nuclear fusion reactions, then a red dwarf forms. If the mass is a small amount, but enough to start nuclear fusion reactions, then a red dwarf forms. Enough energy is released to shine with a red glow. Enough energy is released to shine with a red glow. Smaller than our sun, but can last 200 billion years Smaller than our sun, but can last 200 billion years

4. MAIN SEQUENCE YELLOW ORANGE MEDIUM SIZED LAST 10 BILLION YEARS EX: SUN

8. BLUE GIANT MOST MASSIVE 6-35 TIMES the mass of the sun Burn millions of degrees hotter Last for a few million years

What happens when stars run out of fuel? 1. The forces of gravity and explosive release of energy from fusion are no longer balanced. 2. The core of the star collapses due to gravity pulling on more dense atoms. 3. New atoms are formed through fusion.

5. RED GIANT When a red dwarf or medium sized star runs out hydrogen gravity causes it to collapse When a red dwarf or medium sized star runs out hydrogen gravity causes it to collapse The collapsing core results in one last release of energy as bigger atoms form through nuclear fusion The collapsing core results in one last release of energy as bigger atoms form through nuclear fusion When the energy from fusion is used up, the super dense core collapses, as gravity pulls the mass into a small, dense ball called… When the energy from fusion is used up, the super dense core collapses, as gravity pulls the mass into a small, dense ball called…

6. WHITE DWARF DIM LIGHT DIM LIGHT COOLS FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS COOLS FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS SUPER DENSE, one teaspoon or a piece the size of a sugar cube weighs one ton SUPER DENSE, one teaspoon or a piece the size of a sugar cube weighs one ton carbon core carbon core

Biggest Diamond out of This World According to American astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, a white dwarf star in the constellation of Centaurus, next to the Southern Cross, has been found to have a 3000-kilometre-wide core of crystallised carbon, or diamond. According to American astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, a white dwarf star in the constellation of Centaurus, next to the Southern Cross, has been found to have a 3000-kilometre-wide core of crystallised carbon, or diamond.

COMPARE EARTH TO A WHITE DWARF When it cools off, it doesn’t produce any light energy….

WHITE DWARF The circled stars are the dim white dwarfs in a globular cluster, meaning this image shows you absolute magnitude.

7. BLACK DWARF Dead, cold mass

9. RED SUPERGIANT When a blue giant runs out of fuel, the carbon core fuses into O, N, and heavy elements, ex: Fe. This fusion releases a tremendous burst of energy…

Drawing of a Red Giant compared to a medium sized star, like our sun

10. COLLAPSING RED SUPERGIANT

10. SUPERNOVA Core collapses, causing fusion of very heavy elements, ex: Uranium Gases form new stars

12. NEUTRON STAR Forms if blue giant was 6-30x mass of sun Forms if blue giant was 6-30x mass of sun Extremely dense Extremely dense Sugar cube size piece weighs 100 million tons Sugar cube size piece weighs 100 million tons Spins = pulsar Spins = pulsar 10 miles in diam. 10 miles in diam.

11. BLACK HOLE Forms if blue giant was 30-35x bigger than our sun Forms if blue giant was 30-35x bigger than our sun Due to huge mass, extreme gravity won’t let even light escape Due to huge mass, extreme gravity won’t let even light escape As surrounding matter is pulled in, it heats, and releases x-rays As surrounding matter is pulled in, it heats, and releases x-rays Quasars are galaxies with black holes in the center, and they emit radio frequecies and light Quasars are galaxies with black holes in the center, and they emit radio frequecies and light

BLACK HOLE illustration of star consumed by it

RED SHIFT OF STAR on the EVENT HORIZON

BLACK HOLE IN THE CENTER GALAXY star light at right angle to RADIO WAVES

MILKY WAY NEBULA

MILKY WAY- BLACK HOLE Radio waves indicate a black hole in the center of our own galaxy.