Human Development The Process of Change that Occurs from Infancy to Death Examines how and why people change and how they remain the same over time Research.

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Presentation transcript:

Human Development The Process of Change that Occurs from Infancy to Death Examines how and why people change and how they remain the same over time Research designs: Longitudinal Cross-Sectional Cohort-Sequential

Stages of Development…. Prenatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old Age

Guiding Principles…. Nature and Nurture (each influence different stages) Development is in stages Growth rates vary person to person Readiness =The child must have mastered the previous stage Critical periods

What happens if we hurry a child through a developmental sequence?

Infant Development: Birth-Age 2 o Time of rapid brain growth

Depth Perception? (by 7 months, more fear than interest)

Adaptive (survival) Reflexes.. Cough Grasping reflex Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Moro reflex

Physical Development: Ages & Stages (sometimes called developmental milestones)

Emotional Development: Even basic emotions take time to develop… Excitement Distress Delight Anger Disgust Fear

Does Imprinting occur in human beings? Attachment= Strong emotional bonds

Harry Harlow: “The Nature of Love”

Harlow’s experiment in stages Experiment on intelligence evolves The Iron Maiden Harlow’s theory of love= Contact Comfort Harlow becomes President of the APA

Less than one year later…. Monkeys not thriving! Unable to mate Violently antisocial Display autistic- like features (rocking, head- banging, biting themselves) Extreme self mutilation

Harlow identified three components to attachment: What do you think they are? Touch-Motion-Play

What about infant attachment? The Strange Situation o Secure Attachment/60-66% =mother is sensitive to infant, consistent, responsive o Resistant Attachment/ %=separation upsets child; remains upset after return o Avoidant Attachment/20% = child ignores mother- attaches to strangers same as parent o Disorganized Attachment/5- 10%= child is confused. They react in contradictory ways (seek mom but don’t look at her) Mary Ainsworth Cultures vary in what they consider appropriate responses to separation

Is there a critical period for attachment? What do you think?

How Important is Parenting?

Traits of Greatest Importance to Parents…. Frankness/honesty in dealing with others Desire to make a name for one’s self Concentration Social mindedness (concern for others) Strict obedience to authority Appreciation of art, music, and literature Economy in money matters Loyalty to the church Knowledge of sexual hygiene Tolerance of others Curiosity Patriotism Good manners Independence Academic achievement Willingness to work hard

Across generations… Frankness/honesty Desire to make a name Social Mindedness Strict obedience Appreciation art/music Economy in money Loyalty to the church Knowledge of sexual hygiene Tolerance of others Curiosity Patriotism Good manners Independence Academic achievement Willingness to work hard

Parenting Beyond Attachment Types of Parents Authoritarian: Enforce strict rules- demand obedience Permissive: Little guidance, no limits, much freedom Authoritative: firm/consistent, love & logic with responsibility Diana Baumrind

Carl Rogers: Parents give 2 kinds of support… Conditional Positive Regard= Parents show love only when child behaves in certain ways. Unconditional Positive Regard= Parents show love – no matter “who” the child is, or how they behave. What kind of support did you receive?

What is optimal? Positive-Strict-Warm o Better self-esteem o Strong morals/values o Responsible o Resilient in times of stress Negative-Permissive-Cold o Look to escape punishment o Lower self-esteem

Goodness of fit……