The Middle Ages

Rome Review: Cities: buildings, arches, aqueducts, running water, large population Trade: lots of diverse products, Silk Road, markets, coins Government: Empire, strong central government Learning: philosophy, math, science, medicine, architecture Language: Latin Religion: Roman Catholic (Christianity)

The Middle Ages Cities: people flee to countryside, no cities, villages Trade: trade shuts down, no markets, no money, made everything at home (no shops) Government: no centralized government, local leaders Learning: almost everyone was illiterate (except priests), no learning Language: separate local languages (French, Spanish, Italian, etc) Religion: Roman Catholic (Christianity) - the one thing that unites everyone in Medieval Europe

2 Major Medieval Institutions FeudalismThe Church

Feudalism Feudalism = the political and military system –based on the exchange of land for military service Lord = gives land (fief) to someone else and protection Vassal = receives land (fief) in return for fighting (military service) *Someone can be both a lord and a vassal.

Public ceremony to strengthen relationship- oath of loyalty

Obligations of a Lord Provide land (fief) Protection from invaders

Obligations of a Vassal Serve in the lord’s army and provide other knights Supply weapons and training Manage the land- hold court, settle disputes, collect taxes Seek permission to marry

King NoblesKnightsPeasants/Serfs Feudal Society Church

Manorialism Manorialism = the economic side of feudalism Manor = a small estate large enough to support a knight Self-sufficient = locally produce everything needed (food, clothing, candles, soap, ect) Labor provided by serfs and free-peasants Serfs = bound to the land, could not leave or be sold Free peasants = did not owe as much labor, could leave the land

Peasant Obligations 2-3 days labor on lord’s fields Lived on lord’s Were allowed to grow their own food on a small portion of the lord’s land Paid taxes- a portion of the food/livestock they produced Had to use the lord’s mill Had to get permission to marry Paid tithe (church tax)

Knights Knight: -only lords -usually the oldest son -ceremony “sir” -age 21 Squire: -assisted a knight -age 14 Page: -Completed chores for a knight -Age 7

Plate Armor Chainmail

Chivalry Chivalry = code of behavior for knights Demands that knights are honorable and brave Serve 3 masters: -lord -Lord (god) -Lady

The Roman Catholic Church Medieval Church unified and controlled Europe Shared faith across class divisions Promised heaven after death Preserved learning

Power of the Catholic Church Tithes (taxes) Canon Law Court system Power to control/punish: -Excommunication = individual is kicked out of the church -Interdiction = no church ceremonies could be performed in an excommunicated ruler’s lands

Concordat of Worms Lay Investiture- when non church officials (kings) appoint bishops Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire & the pope came to a compromise The Concordat of Worms: –The pope appoints bishops –The emperor has the power to veto

Henry V begging the pope for forgiveness at the Castle of Canossa

Church Hierarchy Pope Cardinals Bishops Priests Nobles

Medieval churches were centers for learning Monasteries/nunneries preserved Greek and Latin texts- monks copied manuscripts (books) Monks and nuns lived simple lives filled with prayer, work, and study

Cathedrals Became site of first universities Rich donated money to save their soul

The Crusades 1095 Crusade = holy war Seljur Turks (Muslims) took control of the Holy Land- non-Muslims not allowed to enter Seljur Turks attacked Constantinople  emperor wrote a letter to the pope begging for help The pope asked Christians throughout Medieval Europe to go to war against the Muslims in the Holy Land

The Crusades Cont. All Christians gain entrance to Heaven for going on crusade Christians keep losing control of the Holy Land and go on multiple crusades Christians also attack Jews Crusades last approximately 150 years

Who went on Crusades and why? WHOWHY Knights  Heaven  Land/Wealth  Adventure Merchants  New Trade Networks $$ Serfs  Escape the Manors  Freedom

Effects of the Crusades 1.Tensions between Muslims and Christians 2.New trade networks with Africa and Asia  money economy & feudalism weakens 3.A revival of learning 4.Church loses power  kings become more powerful

The Rise of Towns 1.Warmer climate  more food 2.Farmers use horses  more food 3.Three-Field System  more food 4.Jews become bankers 5.Trade flourishes  towns arise 6.People (serfs) leave manors  flee to towns

Horse-Powered Farming

Three-Field System

Medieval Towns

Conditions of a Medieval Town Bad sanitation Bad diets Dirt roads Lived close together Disease spread easily

Guilds circa 1220 Guild = organization of craftsmen or merchants 1.Only guild members could make and sell the products (Example-shoes) 2.Guilds set standards for quality and prices 3.Guilds trained new craftsmen a. apprentice 7 b. journeyman 14 c. master Provided social group and a form of insurance

Medieval Guilds

The Bubonic Plague Deadly disease which swept through Medieval Europe as it passed from rats and fleas to humans The plague spread to Europe from Asia along trade routes Symptoms: painful swelling, dark spots on skin, fever ¾ infected died within a few days Between 1348 and out of 3 or 25,000,000 people died

Bubonic Plague “Black Death”

The Magna Carta 1215 The Magna Carta was a legal document created by the people (English nobles) that limited the power of the monarch (English king) “The Great Charter”

King John Signing the Magna Carta

The Story of the Magna Carta: 1.In 1215 King John of England tried to defend English territory (land) in France 2.To support the wars, he demanded huge taxes from the English nobles 3.English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta

The Hundred Year’s War Battle between English and French –England claimed the throne of France –French fought to gain it back –All fighting took place in France The French were ultimately led to victory by Joan of Arc, a young teenage peasant who heard voices from God

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc burned for heresy

The English Longbow

Nationalism “Love of country” -people begin to identify with their country (England or France) rather than their lord -inspired by Joan of Arc

2 Major Medieval Institutions FeudalismThe Church

Feudalism weakened by: 1. The Bubonic Plague 2. The Crusades 3. The growth of towns 4. The Hundred Years War 5. Nationalism 6. Magna Carta The Church weakened by: 1. The Crusades 2. The Bubonic Plague 3. The Great Schism