Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Virtue Ethics An act is good if and only if it says good things about one’s character Usually weighed by “moderation” of virtue.

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Presentation transcript:

Aristotle ( BCE) Virtue Ethics An act is good if and only if it says good things about one’s character Usually weighed by “moderation” of virtue. Problems?

Hobbes ( ) State of nature is bad Need Monarch to fix it An act is good if and only if it prevents us from reverting to the state of nature. Problems?

Locke ( ) Social Contract, Natural Rights, State of nature is good Life, Liberty, Happiness, Property An act is good if and only if it doesn’t violate the social contract. Problems?

Rousseau ( ) Social Contract, General Will An act is good if and only if it conforms to the general will and doesn’t violate the social contract Problems?

Rawls ( ) Veil of Ignorance An act is good if and only if it conforms to the hypothetical rules that would be constructed by all rational, informed rules-seeking beings from behind a veil of ignorance. Problems?

Immanuel Kant ( ) Categorical Imperative An act is good if and only if the person doing the act could reasonably will while doing the act that a categorical imperative for the act be made a universal law. Problems?

Adam Smith ( ) The Invisible Hand An act is good if and only if it is good for the market. Problems?

David Hume ( ) We can’t discover ethics through reason alone An act is good if and only if it conforms to our sense perceptions and intuition, as well as reasoning Problems?

Jeremy Bentham ( ) An act is good if and only if it achieves the highest utility of all available actions. Utility = (Pleasure x People) – (Pain x People) Problems?

Richard Joyce Error Theory Nothing is inherently right or wrong. All other theories presuppose that moral facts exist, but they don’t. Problems?