The Counter Reformation

The Reformation Spreads The ideas of Luther and Calvin had wide appeal Offered freedom from oppressive Catholic doctrine. =

Freedom from the pope’s power Attractive to many kingdom’s rulers who didn’t want to share power with the pope.

The printing press Allowed controversial ideas to spread quickly. Also allowed people to get their own copies of the Bible.

The Reformation in Germany Luther’s ideas started in Germany

Much of Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire Run by the Hapsburg Family They were Catholic

Many German princes were eager to increase their own power at the expense of the pope, and converted to Protestantism.

Northern Germany turned Protestant and Southern Germany stayed Catholic.

This led to a civil war between the religions, known as the Thirty Years War ( ).

Causes of the 30 Years War 1) The Peace of Augsburg was a temporary truce which allowed princes to pick the religion of their territory. It also allowed limited toleration of Lutherans.

2) Foreign empires wanted to control German land. –Spain, who controlled the Netherlands, wanted to expand into Germany.

France, who was surrounded by land controlled by the Hapsburgs, wanted to weaken their enemy.

The Danish and Swedes wanted to take territory surrounding the Baltic Sea.

Four Phases of the 30 Years War

The Bohemian Revolt ( ) When the tolerant HRE emperor Mathias died without a son, he was replaced with Emperor Maximilian… who was a very strict Catholic.

Local populations in Bohemia (one of the German states) revolted, because they did not want to convert back to Catholicism.

Danish Intervention ( )

Swedish Intervention ( )

French Intervention ( )

War involved many of the countries in Europe and took a large toll on Germany. –25-30% of German population dead –Germany failed to unite for another 250 years

The Reformation in England Henry VIII split with the pope in order to divorce his wife and to acquire church lands.

Henry’s children changed the religion of England several times. When Elizabeth took over, she changed England to Protestantism.

She passed the Act of Supremacy, which made the ruler of England the head of the Anglican Church.

As a way to appease Catholics in England, she kept much of the Catholic liturgy. “Liturgy” – form of service, or sacraments.

Set up Book of Common Prayer, which is still in use today.

Protestantism failed to spread into Ireland, where Catholic priests led their followers in resisting.

This led to the modern violence between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland.

King James I When Elizabeth died in 1603, her cousin, King James of Scotland, became king of England.

Believed in the “divine right of kings” “divine right of kings” – belief that a king’s power comes directly from God.

Brought an English translation of the Bible to England. Named the King James version in his honor.

The Reformation in France Calvinism spread in France and gained many supporters among the lesser nobility. + =

French Calvinists were called “Huguenots”

There were many conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the late 1500’s.

In the bloodiest event, 10,000 Huguenots were murdered by Catholics in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

The conflict began to settle down when Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) was made king.

Henry converted to Catholicism to make the Catholics happy. Retained his ties with the Huguenots.

Passed the Edict of Nantes, which makes Catholicism the official religion of France, but allowed toleration for the Calvinists.

The Edict was later revoked

The Reformation in the Netherlands The Netherlands was part of the Holy Roman Empire for hundreds of years.

In the 1500’s, they were run by Philip II of Spain.

The population was split equally between Catholics and Protestants.

Instead of fighting each other, they united to fight the Spanish.

They won their independence in 1581.

Three major changes in the Netherlands

Became a Republic, not a monarchy. Run by a representative body, not a king.

Religious freedom Their ability to unite against a common enemy, made them tolerate each other.

Commercialism The Protestant work ethic took over and the Netherlands become one of the richest countries in the world.

Reformation in Switzerland Ulrich Zwingli led a revolt against the Catholic Church

He was opposed to the sale of Indulgences and the use of Swiss mercenaries by the Pope Mercenary – “soldier of fortune”

Zwingli convinced the town of Zurich to break away from the Catholic church Adopted a protestant church based on Calvin’s model.

They eliminated most of the ornamentation of the Catholic services. –No singing –No illustrations of saints –Very plain churches

Reformation in Scotland John Knox traveled in Europe in the 1500s and got exposed to John Calvin’s ideas.

Scottish church evolved into the Presbyterian Church Church is run by elected officials (the Presbytery)

The (Catholic) Counter- Reformation

An effort by the Catholic Church to prevent the further spread of Protestant ideas.

The Council of Trent Catholics met at a town in Italy to formalize Catholic beliefs and unify against their enemy.

They agree on three major statements. The Church, not the individual, interprets the Bible.

The Church’s authority is equal to that of the Bible’s. =

Faith alone is not enough to win salvation. Good works are necessary as well.

The Inquisition (what a show!)

Began when six priests gather to put heretics on trial.

Began as a method of enforcing church doctrine or rules.

Turned into one of the more inhumane periods in human history.

To get confessions of heresy, many people were tortured. Heresy – “Expressing beliefs that oppose accepted religious teachings”

Jesuits The Society of Jesus Founded by Ignatius Loyola

Dedicated and loyal Catholics who lived a simple and pious life.

Sent missionaries throughout the world to convert people to Catholicism.

Opened schools and hospitals

Helped restore the positive image of the Catholic Church.