Endocrine System Disease & Disorders

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine System Disorders A number of factors can cause problems –Disease of the gland –Autoimmune causes –Infections –Dietary deficiencies Signs and symptoms usually due to hyper- or hypoactivity of the glands

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders – Pituitary Hyperfunction –Gigantism –Acromegaly is caused by over secretion of somatotropin in adults and causes enlarged bones in the hands, feet and face. Hypofunction –Dwarfism Brain Scan is used to dx a pituitary tumor -short, short arms, normal mental dev Diabetes insipidus

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hyperfunction/Disorders – Pituitary

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypofunction/Disorders – Pituitary

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders – Thyroid Diagnostic tests-lab, scans Goiters-enlarged thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism (overactive) –Produces too much thyrotropin and causes overactive thyroid gland

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypothyroidism (underactive) usually occurs in countries that do not have iodized salt –Myxedema –Cretinism

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypo vs Hyper

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders – Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism –Increased blood calcium Hypoparathyroidism –Decreased blood calcium –Tetany ( A condition that is due usually to low blood calcium (hypocalcemia) and is characterized by spasms of the hands and feet, cramps, spasm of the voice)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hyperparathyroidism/Disorders – Parathyroid

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypoparathyroidism/Disorders – Parathyroid

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders – Adrenal Cortex Hyperfunction –Cushing’s syndrome-disorder of the Adrenal Gland –body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time –a fatty hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on your skin. Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on occasion, diabetes. –Treatment depends on the specific reason for cortisol excess and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hyperfunction/Disorders – Adrenal Cortex

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypofunction –Addison’s disease –Addison's disease is an endocrine or hormonal disorder characterized by weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and sometimes darkening of the skin. –Addison's is diagnosed with blood tests and/or a CT scan –Treatment of Addison's disease involves replacing, or substituting, the hormones the adrenal glands are not making

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypofunction/Disorders – Adrenal Cortex

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Steroid Abuse in Sports Androgenic anabolic steroids –(AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. They can exert strong effects on the human body that may be beneficial for athletic performance. FYI… A teenage athlete who wants to grow bigger and taller might be foolish enough to take Somatotropin (a pituitary hormone)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. –Medically, androgens and anabolic steroids are used to treat: delayed puberty in adolescent boysdelayed puberty hypogonadism and impotence in menhypogonadism breast cancer in womenbreast cancer anemia osteoporosis weight loss disease in HIV endometriosis other conditions with hormonal imbalance

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Risks of taking AAS for Males/Females In men, anabolic steroids can: –Reduce sperm count.sperm –Cause you not to be able to father children. –Enlarge the breasts.breasts In women, anabolic steroids can: –Increase body hair.hair –Make skin rough. –Decrease breast size.breast –Deepen the voice.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. In both men and women, anabolic steroids can cause: –High blood pressure, heart attack, or stroke.High blood pressureheartstroke –Higher levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and lower levels of good cholesterol (HDL).cholesterolLDL cholesterolHDL –Liver disease and possibly livercancer. The chance of these problems is higher when steroids are taken as a pill.Liverlivercancer –Oily skin, acne, and male-pattern hair loss.acnehair –Skin infections that can become severe if the drug was tainted with bacteria. –Irritability, rage, aggression, violence, uncontrolled high energy (mania), false beliefs (delusions), and addictionmaniaaddiction

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diabetes Mellitus Pancreatic disorder Decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans cells or by the ineffective use of insulin Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Type 1 & Type 2

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Type I Diabetes

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Type II Diabetes

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diabetes Mellitus Signs and symptoms Pathophysiology –is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. Hypo- and hyperglycemia Diagnostic tests –HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin test –Finger stick –GTT glucose tolerance test Treatments –Monitor, diet, oral hypoglycemic meds

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hyper vs Hypo